TÜRK-AMERIKAN TICARI İLIŞKILERININ GELIŞIMINDE ÖNEMLI BIR İSIM: BAŞKONSOLOS GABRIEL BIE RAVNDAL (1865-1950)

Bu çalışma, Türk-Amerikan ticari ilişkilerinin genişlemesine önemlikatkılar yapan Amerikan Başkonsolosu Gabriel Bie Ravndal’ın (1865- 1950) hayatını incelemektedir. Ondokuzuncu yüzyıl sonlarına kadar nispeten düşük seyreden ikili ticaret, takip eden süreçte Osmanlı İmparatorluğu/Türkiye için artmaya başlamış ve kaydadeğer bir seviyeye ulaşmıştır.Karşılıklı ticaretteki bu genişleme dönemi esnasında Ravndal, Beyrut vesonrasında İstanbul’a Amerikan diplomatik temsilcisi olarak gönderilmiştir. Kariyerinin çoğunu Osmanlı/Türk topraklarında geçiren Ravndal,özellikle Türk-Amerikan ticaretinin gelişmesi üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır.Amerikan Levant Ticaret Odası ve İstanbul’daki Amerikan Kulübü’nünkurulmasına öncülük etmiştir. Bölge hakkında finansal, ekonomik ve ticaribilgiler sunan Levant Trade Review’ın çıkarılmasını sağlamıştır. Ayrıca,isabetli ticari raporlar hazırlamış, ticaretin genişlemesinin önündeki engellerin kaldırılmasına çalışmış ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu/Türkiye ve ABDiş dünyası arasında farkındalığı artırmıştır. Bu nedenle, Ravndal’ın hayatının incelenmesi Amerikan iş dünyasının İstanbul’daki faaliyetlerine ekolarak ikili ticaret hakkında da detaylı bilgi sunacaktır. Ek olarak, bu araştırma Amerikan ticari stratejisindeki radikal değişimler ve Amerikan Dışişlerinin Amerikan ticaretinin gelişmelerine katkısı hakkında da bazı bilgiler içerecektir.

AN IMPORTANT FIGURE IN THE DEVELOPMENTOF TURKISH-AMERICAN TRADE RELATIONS: CONSUL GENERAL GABRIEL BIE RAVNDAL(1865-1950)

This article studies the life of an American Consul General, Gabriel Bie Ravndal (1865-1950), who significantly contributed to Turkish-American commercial relations. Remaining relatively low until the late nineteenth century, bilateral trade started to multiply and for the Ottoman Empire/ Republican Turkey reached a remarkable level in the following period. During this period of expansion in bilateral trade, Ravndal was sent to Beirut and later Istanbul as the American diplomatic representative. Spending most of his career in the Ottoman/Turkish territories, Ravndal particularly focused on developing the Turkish-American trade. He pioneered the American Chamber of Commerce for the Levant and the American Club in Istanbul. He led the publication of Levant Trade Review, which presented financial, economic and commercial information about the region. Furthermore, he prepared to-the-point commercial reports, sought to remove obstacles to trade expansion, and increased awareness of the business communities in both the Ottoman Empire/Turkey and US. Hence, the study of Ravndal’s life presents detailed information about the bilateral trade as well as the activities of the American business community in Istanbul. In addition, the study will provide some details about the influences of the radical changes on the American commercial strategy and the contribution of the American Foreign Service to the development of American trade.

PDF

___

National American Archives
King-Crane Commission Digital Collection
Congressional Record
Papers Related to the Foreign Relations of the United States
The Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States
Register of the Department of State
Monthly Consular and Trade Reports
Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries
The American Hospital and School of Nursing in Istanbul
American Foreign Service Journal
East Oregonian : E.O.
Levant Trade Review
Mower County Transcript
New Mexico State Record
New York Tribune
Ottumwa Semi-Weekly Courier
The Akron Register Tribune
The Arizona Republican
The Evening Star
The Evening Times
The Farmer and Mechanic
The Minneapolis Journal
The Orient
The Times
The Times News
The Washington Herald
The Washington Times
Washington Sentinel
AKIN Veysi, “Amerika’da Türk Lobisi: Türk Teavün Cemiyeti”, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, Volume XX, 2004, 453-521.
ALBAYRAKOĞLU Esra Pakin, “Amerikan Siyasetini Yönlendirmede Türk-Amerikan Derneklerinin Rolü”, Türk Dünyası Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları Zirvesi Bildiri Kitapçığı, Ankara 2014, 367-371.
BLUME Kenneth J., Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from the Civil War to World War I, Rowman & Littlefield, Maryland 2017.
CAN Bilmez Bülent, Demiryolundan Petrole Chester Projesi (1908-1923), Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 2016.
CASSIMATIS Louis P., American Influence in Greece, 1917-1929, The Kent State University Press, Kent 1988.
CULLINANE Michael Patrick and Alex Goodall, The Open Door Era, United States Policy in the Twentieth Century, Edinburg University Press, Edinburg 2017.
DE JONG Gerald F., “Dakota Resources”, South Dakota History, Volume 15, No 1, 1985, 66-114.
DENOVO John A., American Interests and Policies in the Middle East, The University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN 1968.
DURU Orhan, Amerikan Gizli Belgeleriyle Türkiye’nin Kurtuluş Yılları, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2017.
EDİP Halide, The Turkish Ordeal, The Century, New York 1928.
ERHAN Çağrı, Türk-Amerikan İlişkilerinin Tarihsel Kökenleri, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara 2015.
ERHAN Çağrı, “Ottoman Official Attitudes Towards American Missionaries”, The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, No 31, 2000, 315- 341.
EVANS Laurence, Türkiye’nin Paylaşılması ve ABD Politikası: 1914-1924, Milliyet Yayın, n.p. 1972.
FITZGERALD Jay E., “American Chambers of Commerce in Foreign Countries”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 94, 1921, 122-126.
FRIEDEN Jeffrey A., “The Economics of Intervention: American Overseas Investments and Relations with Underdeveloped Areas, 1890-1950”, Comparative Studies in Society and History Volume 31, No 1, 1989, 55-80.
“G[abriel] Bie Ravndal”, The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, New York 1953, Volume 38, 437-438.
“Gabriel Bie Ravndal”, Biographical Directory of the South Dakota Legislature, The Council, South Dakota 1989, 914.
GENCER Ali İhsan, Ali Fuat Örenç, Metin Ünver, Türk-Amerikan Silah Ticareti Tarihi, Doğu Kütüphanesi, İstanbul 2008.
GORDON Leland J., American Relations with Turkey 1830-1930, The University of Pennsylvania, 1932.
GÜÇLÜ Yücel, The Armenian Events of Adana in 1909: Cemal Pasa and Beyond, The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Maryland 2018.
HIPPISLEY Alfred E., “William Woodville Rockhill”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, Volume 47, No 2, 1915, 367-374.
HOWARD Harry N., “The Bicentennial in American-Turkish Relations”, Middle East Journal, Volume 30, No 3, 1976, 291-310.
KARK Ruth, American Consuls in the Holy Land, 1832-1914, Wayne State University Press, Detroit 1994.
KARK Ruth, “A Communication: Ottoman Policy and U.S. Attitudes Regarding Land Purchase and Settlement by American Jews in Palestine”, Journal of Israeli History, Volume 14, No 12, 1993, 211-218.
KEDOURIE Elie, Arabic Political Memoirs and Other Studies, Frank Cass and Company Limited, New York 2005.
KINDLEBERGER Charles P., “Origins of United States Direct Investment in France”, Business History Review, Volume 48, No 3, 1974, 382-413.
KOCABAŞOĞLU Uygur, Kendi Belgeleriyle Anadolu’daki Amerika, Arba Yayınları, İstanbul 1989.
KUNERALP Sinan, Son Dönem Osmanlı Erkân ve Ricali (1839-1922), Isis Press, İstanbul 1999.
LOVOLL Odd Svree, Norwegian Newspapers in America: Connecting Norway and the New Land, Minnesota Historical Society Press, Minnesota 2010.
MALKASIAN Mark, “The Disintegration of the Armenian Cause in the United States, 1918–1927”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Volume 16, No 33, 1984, 349-365.
MORGENTHAU Henry, Büyükelçi Morgenthau’nun Öyküsü, Belge Yayınları, Istanbul 2017.
ODMAN Aslı, “Serbest Mıntıka’dan Amerikan Pazarı‘na Tophane Rıhtımı: Ford Motor Company Exports Inc., İstanbul Otomotiv Montaj Fabrikası 1925-1944”, Tarih ve Toplum Yeni Yaklaşımlar, Volume 12, 2011, 71-93.
ORHA Zafer, Beyrut Vilayeti”nde Osmanlı İdaresi (1887-1909), Unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Istanbul, İstanbul 2017.
ÖZKAN Kenan, Milli Mücadele Dönemi Türkiye-ABD İlişkileri 1918-1923, Ötüken Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2016.
PAMUK Şevket, 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Dış Ticareti, Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, Ankara 1995.
PATRICK Andrew, America’s Forgotten Middle East Initiative: The King-Crane Commission of 1919, IB Tauris & Co. Ltd., Croydon 2015.
RAVNDAL Gabriel Bie, Stories of the East Vikings, Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis 1938.
RAVNDAL Gabriel Bie, Turkey: A Commercial and Industrial Handbook, Government Printing Office, Washington 1926.
RAVNDAL Gabriel Bie, The Origin of the Capitulations and of the Consular Institution, Government Printing Office, Washington 1921.
RAVNDAL Gabriel Bie, Turkish Markets for American Hardware, Government Printing Office, Washington 1917.
ROSENBERG Emily S., Financial Missionaries to the World, The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900-1930, Harvard University Press, London 1999.
TURGAY A. Üner, “Ottoman-American Trade During the Nineteenth Century”, The Journal of Ottoman Studies, No 3, 1982, 89-246.
VLAMI Despina, Trading with the Ottomans The Levant Company in the Middle East, I. B. Tauris, New York 2015.
YILMAZ Sait, Türkiye’deki Amerika, Kaynak Yayıncılık, Ankara 2017.
WASTI Syed Tanvir, “Halil Menteşe-the Quadrumvir”, Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 32, No 3, 1996, 92-105.
“Istanbul Golf Kulübü “IGK, The Oldest Sports Club in Turkey”, http://www.igk.org.tr/en/Club/Pages/History.aspx, (Accessed 29 July 2019).
“SD Legislature, “Gabriel Bie Ravndal”, http://sdlegislature.gov/Legislators/Historical_Listing/LegislatorDetail.aspx?MemberID=1203%20, (Accessed 16 July 2019).
“The Washington Post, “C. M. Ravndal Ex-Ambassador Dies in Austria”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/10/28/cmravndal-ex-ambassador-dies-in-austria/bac979d2-d6fb-4c27-9ec3- beabb8db76bb/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.7be4f957c866, (Accessed 16 July 2019).
“U.S. Department of State, “Christian Magelssen Ravndal (1899–1984)”, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/ravndal-christian-magelssen (Accessed 16 July 2019).
“University of Oslo, “Highlights from UiO’s history”, https://www.uio.no/english/about/facts/history/, Accessed 16 July 2019).