Zihinsel Yetersizliği Olan Öğrencilere Çarpma Öğretiminde Somut-Yarı Somut-Soyut Öğretim Stratejisinin Etkililiği

Bu araştırmada zihinsel yetersizliği olan öğrencilere temel çarpma işlemlerinin öğretiminde doğrudan öğretim yöntemi ile sunulan somut-yarı somut-soyut öğretim stratejisinin etkililiğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amacın yanı sıra, somut-yarı somut-soyut öğretim stratejisi ile öğretimin, öğretim sona erdikten on ve yirmi gün sonraki izleme etkisi, farklı ortam ve farklı kişilere genelleme etkisi ve somut-yarı somut-soyut öğretim stratejisi hakkında öğretmenler görüşlerini belirlemeye yönelik sosyal geçerliliği incelenmiştir. Araştırmada tek denekli araştırma modellerinden denekler arası yoklama denemeli çoklu yoklama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın bağımlı değişkeni, araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin matematik becerilerinden, temel çarpma işlemi becerisini doğru gerçekleştirme düzeyleri iken; bağımsız değişkeni doğrudan öğretim yöntemine göre sunulan somut-yarı somut-soyut öğretim strateji sidir. Araştırma, Balıkesir ilinde yaşayan, yaşları 9-10 arasında değişen, zihinsel yetersizliği olan, yazılı ve sözlü yönergelere tepkide bulunma, nesneleri kullanabilme, basit şekiller çizebilme, rakamları tanıma, nesne (rasyonel) sayma ve atlayarak sayma becerileri ile temel toplama işlemi becerileri ve eşitlik kavramı ön koşullarına sahip, ikisi kız ve biri erkek olmak üzere üç öğrenci ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın bulguları incelendiğinde; zihinsel yetersizliği olan öğrencilere çarpma işlemi becerilerinin kazandırılmasında, doğrudan öğretim yöntemi ile sunulan somut-yarı somut-soyut öğretim stratejisinin etkili olduğu, öğrencilerin kazandıkları çarpma işlemi becerisinin kalıcılığının öğretim bittikten on gün ve yirmi gün sonra da koruyabildikleri, öğrencilerin tümü bu beceriyi farklı ortam ve farklı kişilere genelleyebildikleri ve öğretmenlerin somut-yarı somut-soyut öğretim stratejisi hakkındaki görüşlerinin olumlu olduğu bulgulanmıştır.

The Effectiveness of Concrete-Representational-Abstract (CRA) Teaching Strategy on the Multiplication Facts of Children with Intellectual Disabilties

The purpose of this study was to investigate effectiveness of teaching multiplication facts by using the Concrete-Representational-Abstract (CRA) Teaching Strategy presented by direct teaching method to children with intellectual disabilities. This study also examined generalization effects across different people and settings, maintenance effects after 10 and 20 days and social validity about teachers’ views with CRA Teaching Strategy. A single-subject design with multiple-probe design with probe trials across subjects was employed in this study. The dependent variable of this study was the level of achievement of the multiplication facts of students with intellectual disabilities, whereas the independent variable of this research was CRA Teaching Strategy which was used to teach multiplication facts to the subjects. This research was conducted with two girls and a boy with intellectual disabilities. Subjects, whose ages ranged from 9 to 10 years, already had prerequisite skills such as reacting to written and verbal instructions, object manipulating, drawing simple shapes, identifying numbers, object (rational) counting and skip counting, basic addition skills and the concept of equality. Findings of the study indicated that CRA Teaching Strategy was effective in teaching multiplication facts to students with intellectual disabilities. Subjects were able to retain their skills 10 and 20 days after the completion training sessions, and they were also able to generalize the newly acquired target skills across different settings and people. In addition, interviews with two special education teachers and three mainstream teachers revealed that their ideas were generally positive on the use of Concrete-Representational-Abstract Teaching Strategy.

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