Asiye Büşra ŞİRİN AYVA, Azize Nilgün CANEL

Psikolojik Danışma Sürecinde Yeni Bir Model: Macera Terapisi

Macera terapisi deneyimle öğrenme yaklaşımından kaynak alan, danışanlara fiziksel görevlerin verildiği ve küçük gruplar şeklinde, genellikle terapistin ofisi dışında ve açık alanda yürütülen bir terapi yaklaşımdır. Günümüzde gittikçe tanınırlığı artan macera terapisi, çok farklı örneklemlerde ve farklı değişkenlerle araştırılmaktadır. Macera terapisi, açık alanda gerçekleştirilmesi ve macera etkinlikleri ve fiziksel aktivitelere yer vermesi dolayısıyla özellikle çocuklar ve ergenlerle çalışıldığında anlamlı sonuçlar alınmaktadır. Profesyonel uzmanlık gerektiren bir terapi yaklaşımı olan macera terapisinin kendisine bulunmaktadır. Türkiye’de de adından söz ettirmeye başlayan macera terapisi, araştırmacı ve uygulayıcıların dikkatini çekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, okuyuculara macera terapisinin teori ve prensiplerine ilişkin genel bir bakış açısı sağlamaktır. Bu amaçla macera terapisinin kullandığı özgün tekniklerin yanı sıra oturum süreci ve içeriğine değinerek macera terapisinin teorik temelleri ve temel prensiplerinden bahsedilmiştir. Seans süreci ve gerçekleştirilen etkinliklere ilişkin bilgiler verilmiştir. Son olarak Türkiye için sonuç ve öneriler ilgili alanyazın ışığında irdelenmiştir.

A New Model for the Psychological Counseling: Adventure Therapy

Adventure therapy is based on experiential learning approach covering physical tasks assigned to participants in small groups generally in outdoor settings. In addition to continuously increasing awareness of adventure therapy, it has a wide research area including different populations and variables. Adventure therapy yields significant results especially when it is conducted with children and adolescents as it includes adventure and physical outdoor activities. Adventure therapy, which is a therapeutic approach requiring professional expertise, has its own methods as well as different components from other therapeutic approaches. Adventure therapy is gaining popularity in Turkey and attracts the attention of practitioners and researchers. This paper is intended to provide an overview to the readers about theoretical basis and principles of adventure therapy by touching unique techniques used in adventure therapy as well as the session process and content. Information is given about the session process and the activities carried out. Finally, conclusion and recommendations for Turkey are discussed in the light of literature.

PDF

___

Amesberger, G. (1994). Personlichkeitsentwicklung durch outdoor-aktivittiten? Untersuchung zur personlichkeitsentwicklung und pealitiitsbewtiltigung bei sozial benachteiligten (Personal development through outdoor-activities? Research on personal development and copying with social reality of disadvantaged persons). Frankfurt: Afra Verlag.
Arslan, M. (2007). Eğitimde yapılandırmacı yaklaşım. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(1), 41-61.
Autry, C. E. (2001). Adventure therapy with girls at-risk: responses to outdoor experiential activities. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 35(4), 289-306.
Bennett, L. (1998). Effects of a therapeutic camping program on addiction recovery. The algonquin haymarket relapse prevention program. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15(5), 469-474.
Beringer, A. ve Martin, P. (2003). On adventure therapy and the natural worlds: respecting nature’s healing. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 3(1), 29-40.
Blanchard, C. (1992). Experiental therapy with troubled youth: the ropes couse for adolescent inpatients. Proceedings of the International Conference of the Association for Experiential Education, 20th, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
Brendtro, L. K. ve Stroner, M. A. (2007). Back to basics through challenge and adventure. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 16(1), 2-6.
Cason, D. R. (1993). A meta-analysis of adventure programming with adolescents. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Georgia College.
Crisp, S. ve O’Donnel, M. (1997, Temmuz). Wilderness adventure therapy in adolescent psychiatry. exploring the boundaries of adventure therapy: International perspectives. Proceedings of the International Adventure Therapy Conference, Perth, Australia.
Crisp, S. (1998). International models of best practice in wilderness and adventure therapy. C. Itin (Ed.), Exploring the boundaries of adventure therapy: International perspectives. Proceedings of the 1st International Adventure Therapy Conference. Boulder, CO: Association for Experiential Education.
Combs, K. M., Hoag, M. J., Roberts, S. D. ve Javorski, S. (2016). A multilevel model to examine adolescent outcomes in outdoor behavioral healthcare: the parent prospective. Child Youth Care Forum, 45, 353-365.
Cordle, J., Van Puymbroeck, M., Hawkins, B. ve Baldwin, E. (2016). The effects of utilizing high element ropes courses as a treatment intervention on self-efficacy. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 1, 75-92.
Dobud, W. (2016). Exploring adventure therapy as an early intervention for struggling adolescents. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 19(1), 22-41.
Gass, M. A., Gillis, H. L. ve Russell, K. C. (2012). Adventure therapy: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Routledge.
Gillis, H. L. ve Mcleod, J. A. (1992, Ekim). Successful indoor adventure activities for threating substance abuse with adjudicated adolescents and incarcerated adults. G. M. Hanna (Başkan), Celebrating Our Tradition Charting Our Future: Proceedings of the International Conference of the Association for Experiential Education 20th, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
Gillis, H. L. ve Speelman, E. (2008). Are challenge (ropes) courses an effective tool? a meta- analysis. Journal of Experiential Education, 31,111-135.
Gillis, H. L. (1992,January 18-21). Therapeutic uses of adventure-challenge-outdoorwilderness: theory and research. Keynote Presentation given at the meeting of the Association for Experiential Education, NY.
Glass, J. S. ve Myers, J. E. (2001). Combining the old and the new to help adolescents: individual psychology and adventure based counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 23(2), 101-114.
Hans, T. A. (2000). A meta analysis of the effects of adventure programming on locus of control. Journal of Contemoporary Psychotherapy, 30(1), 33-60.
Hattie, J., Marsh, H., Niell, J. ve Richards, G. (1997). Adventure education and outward bound: Out of class experiences that make a lasting difference. Review of Educational Research, 67, 43-87.
Hoag, M. J., Massey, K. E., Roberts, S. D. ve Logan, P. (2013). Efficacy of wilderness therapy for young adults: a firs look. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 30, 294-305.
Houston, P. D., Knabb, J. J., Welsh, R. K., Houskamp, B. M. ve Brokaw, D. (2010). Wilderness therapy as a specialized competency. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2(2), 52-66.
Human, L. (2012) Adventure-based experiences during professional training in psychology: a follow up study. South African Journal of Psychology, 42(4), 586- 597.
Itin, C. M. (2001). Adventure therapy critical questions. The Journal of Experimential Education, 24(2), 80-84.
Jelalian, E., Mehlenbeck, R., Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., Birmaher, V. ve Wing, R. R. (2006). “adventure therapy” combined with cognitive-behavioral treatment for overweight adolescents. International Journal of Obesity, 30, 31-39.
Johnson, W. ve Johnson, F. P. (1997). Joining together: Group theory and group skills (6. baskı). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Jones, C. D., Lowe, L. A. ve Risler, E. A. (2004). The effectiveness of wilderness adventure therapy programs for young people involved in the juvenile justice system. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 22(2), 53-67.
Keats, M. R., Courneya, K. S. ve Danielsen S. (1999). Leisure-timephysical activity and psychosocial well-being in adolescents after cancer diagnosis. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 16, 180-188.
Martins, A., Taylor, R. M., Morgan, S. ve Fern, L. A. (2017). Being normal, not vulnerable: Case study of a 2 day residential programme for young adults with cancer. BMJ Open, 7, 1-10. Doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015309
Nadler, R. ve Luckner, J. (1992). Processing the adventure experience: theory and practice. Kendall Hunt Publishing: Dubuque, Iowa.
Newes, S. ve Bandroff, S. (2004). What is Adventure Therapy. B. Humberstone, (Ed.), Coming of Age: The Evolving Field of Adventure Therapy içinde (136-151). Boulder: Association for Experiential Education.
Norton, C. L., Tucker, A., Russel, K. R., Bettman, J. E., Gass, M. A., Gillis, H. L. ve Behrens, E. (2014). Adventure therapy with youth. Journal of Experiential Education, 37(1), 46-59.
O’shea, K. M. (2005). Exploring the benefits of an outdoor adventure program for improving self-esteem and self-efficacy and reducing problem behaviors in adolescent girls. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, The University of Montana, USA.
Priest, S. ve Gass, M. A. (1998). Effective leadership in adventure programming. Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL.
Roberts, J. W. (2005). Disney, Dewey, and the death of experience in education. Education and Culture, 21(2), 12-30.
Robertson, J. L. (1997). The effects of an adventure education problem based approach program on students’ self-esteem and perceived problem solving ability. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, McGill University, Canada.
Royce, D. (1987). Adventure experience and affective learning: Where are we going? Journal of Adventure Education, 4, 12-14.
Schell, L., Cotton, S. ve Luxmoore, M. (2010). Outdoor adventure for young people with a mental illness. Early Intervention In Psychiatry, 6, 407-414.
Sibthorp, J., Paisley, K., Gookin, J. ve Furman, N. (2008). The Pedagogic Value of Student Autonomy in Adventure Education. Journal of Experiential Education, 38(2), 136-151.
Stevens, B., Kagan, S., Yamada, J., Epstein, I., Beamer, M., Bilodeau, M. ve Baruchel, S. (2004). Adventure therapy for adolescents with cancer. Pediatric Blood Cancer, 43, 278-284.
Tillotson, C. (2008). Adventure in marriage: An adventure based marriage education program for conflicted couples. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Azusa Pacific University, USA.
Tucker, A. R. (2009). Adventure-based group therapy to promote social skills in adolescents. Social Work with Groups, 32, 315-329.
Walsh, J. ve Aubry, P. (2007). Behaviour management through adventure. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 16(1), 36-39.
Yalom, I. (1999). Grup psikoterapisinin teori ve pratiği. Kabalcı Yayınevi: İstanbul.