Innovation Capacity and Innovation Performance in Terms of Educational Level of Managers

The main aim of this research is to analyze whether the firm's innovation capacity and innovation performances differs according to the level of training/education of its managers as well as analyzing whether the capacity of innovation of the companies effects the innovation performances. To do this, the data was gathered by means of a questionnaire from 456 participating managers working in 274 firms listed among the top 500 companies in Turkey. The research hypotheses were tested by analyzing obtained data by making confirmatory factor analyses, correlations analysis, reliability analysis, one-way ANOVA analysis and regression with SPSS 24 software. As a result of the research, in terms of innovation performance, there is a difference between the managers who have master's degree and the managers who have other training/educational level. In addition to these, firm's innovation capacity significantly effects innovation performance in a positive way.

___

Acemoglu, D. (1997). Training and Innovation in an Imperfect Labour Market. Review of Economic Studies, 64, 445-464.

Akcigit, U., Grigsby, J., & Nicholas, T. (2017). The Rise of American Ingenuity: Innovation and Inventors of the Golden Age. Working Paper 17-063, NBER.

Boring, P. (2017). The relationship between training and innovation activities in enterprises. International Journal of Training and Development, 21(2), 123-129.

Büyükbeşe, T. & Yıldız, B. (2017). The Effect of Innovation Capacity on Innovation Performance on Companies, 3(10), 130-137.

Calantone, R. J., Cavusgil, S. T. & Zhao, Y. (2002). Learning orientation, firm innovation capability, and firm performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 31(6), 515-24.

Cavusgil, S. T., Calantone, R. J., & Zhoa, Y. (2003). Tacit Knowledge Transfer and Firm Innovation Capability, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 18(1), 6-21.

Drucker, P. F. (1954). The Practice of Management, New York: Harper and Row Publishers Inc.

Esterhuizen, D., Schutte, C. & Du Toit, A. (2012). A knowledge management framework to grow innovation capability maturity. SA Journal of Information Management, 14(1), Art. #495, 10 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ sajim.v14i1.495

Gboku, M. L. S. & Bebeley, J. F. (2016). Training for innovation: capacity building in agricultural research in post-war Sierra Leone. International Journal of Training and Development 20(2), 140-151

Ferreira, J.J.M., Fernandes, C.I. & Raposo, M.L. (2017). The Effects of Location on Firm Innovation Capacity. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 8(1), 77-96.

Frosch, K. H. (2011). Workforce Age and Innovation: A Literature Survey. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13, 414–430. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00298.x

Giuri, P., Mariani, M., Brusoni, S., Crespi, G., Francoz, D., & Gambardella, A. (2007). Inventors and invention processes in Europe: Results from the PatVal-EU survey. Research Policy 36(8), 1107–1127. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2007.07.008

Haq, A. M., Usman, M., & Hussain, J. (2017). Enhancing Employee Innovative Behavior: The Moderating Effects of Organizational Tenure. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 11(3), 814-832

B. F. (2010). Age and Great Invention. Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.2009.11724

Kogut, B. & Zander, U. (1992). “Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology”, Organization Science, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 383-397.

Küçükali, A. (2016). Social Media Usage of College Students: The Case of Atatürk University (Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sosyal Medya Kullanımı: Atatürk Üniversitesi Örneği). Bartın Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 7(13), 531-546.

Lehman, H. (1966). The most creative years of engineers and other technologists. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 108, 263–277.

Lindberg, M. & Berglund, K-E. (2016). Gendered social innovation – a new research stream for gender inclusive innovation policy, research and practice. In book: Research Handbook on Gender and Innovation, Edward Elgar Publishing, Editors: G. A. Alsos, U. Hytti, E. Ljunggren, pp.214-228

Liu, Z., Ge, L., Peng, W. (2016). How organizational tenure affects innovative behavior?: The role of culture difference and status determinants, Nankai Business Review International, 7(1), 99-126, https://doi.org/10.1108/NBRI-01- 2016-0001

Marques, C. S. & Ferreira, J. (2009). SME Innovative Capacity, Competitive Advantage and Performance in a 'Traditional' Industrial Region of Portugal. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 4(4), 53-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242009000400005

Nazarov, Z. & Akhmedjonov, A. (2012) Education, On-the-Job Training, and Innovation in Transition Economies, Eastern European Economics, 50(6), 28-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/EEE0012-8775500602

Ng, T. W. H. & Feldman, D. C. (2012). Evaluating six common stereotypes about older workers with meta-analytical data. Personnel Psychology, 65, 821–858.

Ng, T.W.H. & Feldman, D. C. (2013). A meta-analysis of the relationships of age and tenure with innovation-related behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(4,) 585–616. DOI: 10.1111/joop.12031

Nonaka, I. (1991), “The knowledge-creating company”, Harvard Business Review, 69, 96-104.

Nonaka, I. & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, USA: Oxford University Press. Nunnally, J.C. (1978) Psychometric Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Pecis, L. (2016). Doing and undoing gender in innovation: Femininities and masculinities in innovation processes. Human Relations, 69(11), 2117-2140. doi:10.1177/0018726716634445

Prajogo, D. I. & Ahmed, P. K. (2006). Relationships between innovation stimulus, innovation capacity, and innovation performance. R&D Management 36(5), 499- 515.

Polanyi, M. (1962). Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-critical Philosophy, Chicago: Routledge and Kogan Paul.

Polanyi, M. (1966). The Tacit Dimension, New York: Doubleday & Company Inc. Schneider, L. (2008). Alterung und technologisches Innovationspotential – Eine Linked-Employer–Employee-Analyse (Ageing and technological Innovativeness: A linked employer-employee analysis). Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 33, 37–54. DOI 10.1007/s12523-008-0004-z

Sharma, S. (1996). Applied Multivariate Techniques, New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.

Sözbilir, F. (2018). İşbaşı Eğitim Uygulamaları, Öz-Yeterlilik ve Yenilikçilik Davranışı Arasındaki İlişki (A Relationship between On-The-Job Training Practices, Self- Efficacy, and Innovative Behavior). Journal of Business Research-Türk, 10(1), 119-142.

Rajapathirana, R. P. J. and Hui, Y. (2018). Relationship between innovation capability, innovation type, and firm performance. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 3, 44–55. doi: 10.1016/j.jik.2017.06.002.

Rietzschel, E.F. & Zacher, H. (2017). Workplace Creativity, Innovation, and Age. In: Pachana N.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Geropsychology. Springer, Singapore. Watson, D. (2006). Understanding the relationship between ICT and education means exploring innovation and change. Education and Information Technologies (2006) 11(3-4), 199–216. DOI 10.1007/s10639-006-9016-2

West, M., & Farr, J. L. (1990). Innovation at work. In M. A. West, & J. L. Farr (Eds.), Innovation and creativity at work: psychological and organizational strategies. (pp. 3-13). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Yam, R., Guan, J.C., Pun, K.F. & Tang, E.P. (2004). An audit of technological innovation capabilities in Chinese firms: Some empirical findings in Beijing, China. Research Policy, 33(8), 1123–1140.

Zizlavsky, O. (2016). Innovation performance measurement: research into Czech business practice, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 29(1), 816-838, DOI: 10.1080/1331677X.2016.1235983.