AVRUPA’DAKİ MİNYATÜR DEVLETLERİN İKİLİ DİPLOMATİK İLİŞKİLERİNE DAİR ULUSLARARASI HUKUK AÇISINDAN PRAGMATİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Minyatür devletler uluslararası avukatlar için her zaman bir merak noktasıdır. Onların minyatür yapıları kesinlikle bu tür bir varsayımın nedenidir. İdarelerindeki en merak uyandırıcı konulardan biri diğer uluslararası hukuk süjeleriyle, özellikle uluslararası arenada diğer devletlerle ilişkileridir. Kısıtlı finansal kaynaklarının yeterli insan kaynağına sahip olmamasıyla katlanması sonucunda bu devletlerin diğer devletlerle düzgün diplomatik ilişkiler sürdürmesini her zaman zor hâle getirmiştir. Böylelikle, çoğunlukla güçlü komşu devlete veya kendilerini çevreleyen devlete bağımlı olmuşlardır. Birçok durumda da kendilerini çevreleyen devlet himaye eden statüsündedir ki, bu çoğunlukla bir anlaşmayla varılan ve korunan devletin dış ilişkileri ve savunmasının koruyana bırakıldığı yasal bir ilişkidir. Bağımlı oldukları devletle ne tür bir ilişkiye sahip olurlarsa olsunlar, minyatür devletler, görüleceği üzere, son zamanlarda yabancı devletlerle diplomatik ilişkiler alanında kendilerini yeniden tanımlamışlardır. Tabiî ki belirtmek gerekir ki, minyatür devletlerle bağımlı oldukları devletler arasındaki ilişkilerde son birkaç on yılda değişmiştir. Şüphesiz, bu minyatür devletlerin diplomatik ilişkilerini iyileştirmekte onlara yardım etmiştir. Ancak, diğer devletlerle diplomatik ilişkilerine dair gerçek düzelmenin daha çok özellikle 1961 tarihli Diplomatik İlişkilere Dair Viyana Sözleşmesi kodifiye edilen diplomatik ilişkilere ilişkin kurallara yaklaşımlarıyla açıklanabileceği mütalâa edilebilir. Bu itibarla, 1961 tarihli Diplomatik İlişkilere Dair Viyana Sözleşmesinin ilgili maddelerinden, göründüğü üzere, başarılı bir şekilde yararlanmaktadırlar. Daha da ötesinde, diplomatik ilişkiler karşısında durumlarını daha iyi hâle getiren yeni birtakım kurallar geliştirmişlerdir. Böylelikle, bu makalenin amacı seçilen minyatür devletlerin diplomatik ilişkilerini günümüz dünyasında kısaca analiz etmektir.

A PRAGMATİC ANALYSIS OF THE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF MICROSTATES IN EUROPE RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE

Microstates are always a curious case for international lawyers. Their minisclue structure is indeed the reason for this assumption. One of the most intriguing issues in their administration is their dealings with the other subjects of international law, particullarly other States in international arena. Since their lack of efficient financial resources, coupled with their lack of sufficient human resources, these States have always been in difficulty to maintain proper diplomatic relations with other States. Henceforth with, they have mostly depended on their stronger neighbouring State or surrounding State. And, in most cases the latter has the status of a protectorate which is a legal relationship mostly created by an agreement between the protector State and the protected State for governing the latter’s foreign and security relations by the former. Whatever relationship they have with their depending States, microstates, as it would appear, reinvent themselves in the area of diplomatic relations with foreign States in recent times. Needless to say, the nature of relationship between microstates and their depending States have changed over the past few decades. Without a doubt, that helps the microstates to improve their diplomatic relations. But, it might be suggested that the real improvement of their diplomatic relations with other States should mostly be attributed to their approach to the rules of diplomatic relations, which have particularly been codified by the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. In that, they have been utilizing successfully, as it seems, the relevant articles of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Furthermore, they develop new kinds of rules, which ameliorate their situation vis a vis diplomatic relations. Thus, the purpose of this article is to briefly analyze the diplomatic relations of the selected microstates in today’s world.

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Makalede Değinilen Uluslararası Antlaşma, Anayasa, Belge ve Mahkeme Kararları

1815 tarihli Diplomatik Ajanların Rütbe ve Önceliğine İlişkin Sekiz Güç Arasındaki Düzenleme. (Viyana Nihaî Senedi 17. Eki)

1818 tarihli Aix en chappel Protokolü.

1897 tarihli İtalya ve San Marino Cumhuriyeti Arasındaki Genel Sözleşme.

1918 tarihli Fransa Cumhuriyeti ve Monako Prensliği Arasındaki Mevcut İlişkileri Pekiştiren Fransa ve Monaco Arasındaki Antlaşma.

1919 tarihli Versailles Barış Antlaşması.

1919 tarihli Saint Germain-en-Laye Antlaşması. 1921 tarihli Liechtenstein Anayasası.

1923 tarihli Liechtenstein ve İsviçre Arasındaki Gümrük Birliği Anlaşması.

1924 tarihli Saint Naum Manastırı (Arnavutluk Sınırları) Danışma Görüşü. (Uluslararası Sürekli Adalet Divanı)

1927 tarihli Bozkurt-Lotus Dâvası. (Uluslararası Sürekli Adalet Divanı)

1928 tarihli Las Palmas (Miangas) Adası Hakemliği.

1929 tarihli Deutsche Continental Gas Gesellschaft v. Polish State Hakemlik Mahkemesi Kararı.

1929 tarihli Latran Antlaşması.

1933 tarihli Devletlerin Hak ve Yükümlülüklerine Dair Montevideo Sözleşmesi. (1933 tarihli Montevideo Sözleşmesi)

1939 tarihli İtalya ve San Marino Arasındaki Dostluk ve İyi Komşuluk Antlaşması.

1945 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler Şartı.

1961 tarihli Diplomatik İlişkilere Dair Viyana Sözleşmesi.

1962 tarihli Monako Anayasası.

1963 tarihli Konsolosluk İlişkilerine Dair Viyana Sözleşmesi.

1969 tarihli Kuzey Denizi Kıta Sahanlıkları Dâvası. (Uluslararası Adalet Divanı Kararı)

1969 tarihli Sollicitudo omnium Ecclesiarum başlıklı Talimatnâme.

1974 tarihli Vatandaşların Hakları ve San Marino’nun Hukukî Düzeninin Temel İlkelerine Dair Bildiri.

1975 tarihli Evrensel Nitelikli Uluslararası Örgütlerle İlişkilerinde Devletlerin Temsiline Dair Viyana Sözleşmesi.

1982 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi.

1983 tarihli Kilise Hukuku Kanunu.

1984 tarihli Latran Antlaşmasına Ek Konkordat.

1986 tarihli Uluslararası Deniz Radyoaktivitesi Laboratuvarı ve Ajansın Prenslik Dâhilindeki Ayrıcalık ve Bağışıklıklarına İlişkin Yüce Haşmetmeapları Monako Prensi Hükûmeti ile Uluslararası Atom Enerjisi Ajansı Arasındaki Anlaşma.

1987 tarihli III. Restatement.

1992 tarihli Drozd ve Janousek v. Fransa ve İspanya Dâvası. (Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi)

1993 tarihli İspanya Krallığı, Fransız Cumhuriyeti ve Andora Prensliği Arasındaki İyi Komşuluk, Dostluk ve İşbirliğine Dair Antlaşma.

1993 tarihli Andora Anayasası.

2002 tarihli Monako Prensliği ve Fransız Cumhuriyeti Arasında Dostluk ve İşbirliği İlişkilerinin Kabûlü ve Onayı Amaçlı Anlaşma.

2007 tarihli Lizbon Antlaşması.

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