GÜNÜMÜZ ÇATIŞMALARI AÇISINDAN İNSANCIL HUKUKTA UYUM MEKANİZMALARI VE ÇATIŞMA MAĞDURLARI İÇİN ONARIM SORUNU

İnsancıl hukuka dair özellikle 1990’lardan günümüze dek gerçekleşen birçok hukuki ilerleme ve çabaya rağmen insanlar, günümüz çatışmalarının korkunç sonuçlarından giderek artan bir şekilde zarar görmekte, korunamamakta ve yoğun acılar çekmektedir. Çatışma mağdurlarının korunması temelde insancıl hukuka gerekli saygının gösterilmesine ve hukukun etkin bir şekilde uygulanabilmesine bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, çatışmanın tüm taraflarının hukuka riayet etmesini ve hukukun uygulanmasını sağlayacak etkin mekanizmaların varlığı yaşamsal öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışma günümüz çatışmalarının temel bir karakteristiği haline gelen ‘uluslararası nitelikte olmayan silahlı çatışmalar’ bağlamında insancıl hukuku, uyum mekanizmaları açısından ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda, insancıl hukuk kaynaklı mekanizmalar ve diğer uluslararası uyum mekanizmaları değerlendirilecek, sorumluluk kavramı bu açıdan irdelenecek ve insancıl hukuk uyum mekanizmalarının güçlendirilmesine dair çabalar ve çözüm önerilerine yer verilecektir.

THE PROBLEM OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS AND REPARATION FOR VICTIMS OF CONFLICTS IN CONTEMPORARY ARMED CONFLICTS

Despite many legal improvements and efforts on international humanitarian law especially from 1990s to present, people are increasingly getting harm by the terrible consequences of contemporary armed conflicts; they cannot be protected and they suffer intensely. Protection of the victims of armed conflicts depends primarily on respect for Humanitarian Law and on the effective implementation of law. Therefore, the existence of efficient mechanisms to ensure that all parties to the conflict comply with law and the law is implemented properly is of vital importance. This study aims to address humanitarian law in terms of compliance mechanisms in the context of non-international armed conflicts, which has become a fundamental characteristic of contemporary armed conflicts. Within this scope, the mechanisms originated from humanitarian law and the other international compliance mechanisms will be evaluated, the concept of responsibility will be examined in this respect, likewise efforts and solution proposals for strengthening the compliance mechanisms of Humanitarian Law will be discussed.

PDF

___

ANNAN Kofi, We, The Peoples, The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century, http://www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/pdfs/We_The_Peoples.pdf (Erişim: 10.10.2018)

BARTOLINI Giulio, “Strengthening Compliance with International Humanitarian Law: The Failed Proposal For A Meeting Of States On International Humanitarian Law” The Italian Yearbook of International Law Online, Volume 25, Issue 1, 2016. http://www.lex.unict.it/sites/default/files/files/Winter_School/ IYIL%202015%20IHL%20Compliance%20mechanism%20Bartolini.pdf (Erişim: 10.10.2018)

BAŞER Murat, İnsancıl Hukuk, Yeni savaşlar, Yapısal Sorunlar ve Korunamayan İnsan Hakları, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, 2014.

BELLAL Annyssa, 2017 War Report, Geneva Academy, March 2018, https://www.geneva-academy.ch/joomlatools-files/docman-files/ The%20War%20Report%202017.pdf (Erişim: 22.09.2018)

BERNARD Vincent, “Tactics, Techniques, Tragedies: A Humanitarian Perspective On The Changing Face Of War”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol:97, 2015.

CHOMSKY Noam, “Responsibility to Protect”, Text of lecture given at UN General Assembly, New York City, July 23, 2009. https://chomsky. info/20090723/ (Erişim: 03.11.2018)

DAVEY Elanor / JACKSON Ashley, “From the Spanish Civil War to Afganistan, Historical and Contemporary Reflection on Humanitarian Engagement with Non-State Armed Groups”, Humanitarian Policy Group (HPG) Working Paper, Overseas Development Institute, May 2014.

DEBUF, Els. “Tools To Do The Job: The ICRC’s Legal Status, Privileges and Immunities, Principles Guiding Humanitarian Action”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 97, No. 897/898, 2016.

DIAKONIA, “Accountability for Violations of IHL, An introduction to the legal consequences stemming from violations IHL”, October 2013. Diakonia International Humanitarian Law Resource Centre https:// www.diakonia.se/globalassets/documents/ihl/ihl-resources-center/ accountability-violations-of-international-humanitarian-law.pdf (Erişim: 19.10.2017)

DÖRMANN Knut / SERRALVO Perez Jose, “Common Article 1 to the Geneva Conventions and the Obligation to Prevent International Humanitarian Law Violations”, International Review of Red Cross, Vol. 96, No. 895/896, 2014.

DÜLGER Kenan, Devletin Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukukun İhlalinden Doğan Sorumluluğu, Beta Basım, Istanbul, 2015.

GILLARD Emanuela Chiara, Briefing, “Promoting Compliance with International Humanitarian Law”, International Law Programme, October 2016. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/ research/2016-10-05-promoting-compliance-ihl-gillard.pdf (Erişim: 20.10.2018)

HEFFES Ezequiel / KOTLIK Marcos D, “Special Agreements as a Means of Enhancing Compliance with IHL In Non-international Armed Conflicts: An Inquiry Into The Governing Legal Regime”, Generating Respect for the Law, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 96, No. 895/896, 2014.

HEFFES Ezequiel / FRENKEL Brian E, “The International Responsibility of NonState Armed Groups: In Search of the Applicable Rules”, Goettingen Journal Of International Law, 81, 2017. http://www.gojil.eu/issues/81/81_article_heffes_frenkel.pdf (Erişim: 22.10.2018)

HENCKAERTS J. M. / BECK L. D., Uluslararası İnsancıl Teamül (Örf-Adet) Hukuku Cilt I: Kurallar, Çev.: ÖKTEM vd., Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları

ICJ, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment (Merits), 1986. https://www. icj-cij.org/files/case-related/70/070-19860627-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf (Erişim: 11.11.2018)

ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, 1996. https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/95/095-19960708-ADV-0100-EN.pdf (Erişim: 11.12.2019)

ICJ, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, 2004. https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/B59ECB7F4C73BDBC85256EEB004F6D20 (Erişim: 11.12.2019) ICJ, Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Georgia v. Russian Federation, Provisional Measures, Order of 15 October 2008.https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/140/140-20081015-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf (Erişim: 11.12.2019)

ICTY, The Prosecutor v. Tadic, Appeals Chamber Judgement, 1999, https://www. icty.org/x/cases/tadic/acjug/en/tad-aj990715e.pdf (Erişim 10.12.2019)

ICRC, Action by the International Committee of the Red Cross in the event of violations of international humanitarian law or of other fundamental rules protecting persons in situations of violence, Reports and Documents, International Review of Red Cross, Vol. 87 NO. 858, 2005.

ICRC, Increasing Respect for International Humanitarian Law in Non-International Armed Conflicts, Annex 3 of the Report of ‘IHL and The Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts’, 30th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, 2007. (30IC/07/8.4) https://www. icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/ihl-challenges-30th-internationalconference-eng.pdf (Erişim: 10.10.2018)

ICRC, Strenghtening Legal Protection for Victims of Armed Conflict, 31st International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, 2011. (32IC/15/11) http://rcrcconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/32IC-Reporton-IHL-and-challenges-of-armed-conflicts.pdf (Erişim: 10.10.2018)

ICRC, International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts, 31st International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, 2011. (31IC/11/5.1.2) https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/report/31-international-conference-ihl-challengesreport-2011-10-31.htm (Erişim: 10.10.2018)

ICRC, International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts, 28th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, 2003. (03/IC/09) https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/ihlcontemp_armedconflicts_final_ang.pdf (Erişim: 10.10.2018)

ICRC, Improving Compliance with IHL (Summary Report of Expert Seminars), Annex 3 of the Report of ‘IHL and The Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts’, 28th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, 2003. (03/IC/09) https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/ other/ihlcontemp_armedconflicts_final_ang.pdf (Erişim: 10.10.2018)

ICRC, Concluding Report, Strengthening Compliance with International Humanitarian Law, 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, 2015. (32IC/15/19.2) http://rcrcconference.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/04/32IC-Concluding-report-on-StrengtheningCompliance-with-IHL_EN.pdf (Erişim: 10.10.2018)

ICRC,Strenghtening Legal Protection for Victims of Armed Conflict, 31st International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, 2011. (31IC/11/5.1.1) https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/red-crosscrescent-movement/31st-international-conference/31-int-conferencestrengthening-legal-protection-11-5-1-1-en.pdf (Erişim: 10.02.2019)

ICRC, Resolution 1of 31st International Conference 2011: Strengthening legal protection for victims of armed conflicts. https://www.icrc.org/en/ doc/resources/documents/resolution/31-international-conferenceresolution-1-2011.htm (Erişim: 10.02.2019)

ICRC, 2016 Commentary of Common Article 3. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=59 F6CDFA490736C1C1257F7D004BA0EC

ICRC, The Roots of Restraint in War, June 2018.

KELLENBERG, Jakob. Sixty years of the Geneva Conventions: Learning From the Past to Better Face the Future, Geneva, 12 August 2009.https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/statement/geneva-conventions-statement-president-120809.htm (01.03.2016)

MACK Michelle / PEJIC Jelena, Increasing Respect For International Humanitarian Law In Non-International Armed Conflicts, ICRC, Geneva, 2008.

MELZER Nils / KUSTER Etienne, International Humanitarian Law, A Comprehensive Introduction, ICRC, Geneva, Agust 2016.

ÖKTEM Emre. Terörizm, İnsancıl Hukuk ve İnsan Hakları, Derin Yayınları, Istanbul, 2011.

ÖZDEMİR Ahmet, “Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukukun Uygulanmasına Yönelik Caydırıcı ve Zorlayıcı İlkesi: Koruma Sorumluluğu”, Akademik Hassasiyetler (Academic Elegance), Cilt.3, Sayı 5, 2016. http://dergipark. gov.tr/download/article-file/269953 (Erişim: 03.10.2018).

PHANNER Toni, “Various Mechanisms and Approaches for Implementing International Humanitarian Law and Protecting and Assisting War Victims”, International Review of Red Cross, Vol. 91 No. 874, 2009.

SASSOLI Marco / BOUTRUCHE Théo, “Expert Opinion on Third States’ Obligations vis-à-vis IHL Violations under International Law, With a Special Focus on Common Article 1 to the 1949 Geneva Conventions”. 08.11.2016. https://www.Nrc.No/Globalassets/Pdf/Legal-Opinions/ Eo-Common-Article-1-Ihl---Boutruche---Sassoli---8-Nov-2016.Pdf (Erişim: 15.02.2019)

SASSOLI Marco / BOUVIER A. Antoine / QUINTIN Anne. How Does Law Protect in War, E-Kitap.

SASSOLI Marco, Is The IHL in crisis, Panel on 21.04.2016 https://www.icrc.org/en/ document/law-armed-conflict-crisis-and-how-recommit-its-respect (Erişim: 03.12.2018)

SVOBODA Eva, Strengtening Access and Proximity To Serve The Needs of People in Conflict, Humanitarian Policy Group (HPG), Overseas Development Institute, July 2015

TAŞDEMİR Fatma, Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Çatışmalar Hukuku, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara, 2009.

ZEGVELD Liesbeth, “Remedies for Victims of Violations of IHL”, International Review of Red Cross, Vol. 85, 2003.

Public Condemnation, Myanmar: ICRC Denounces Major and Repeated Violations of International Humanitarian Law, 29 July 2007. https://www. icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/news-release/2009-and-earlier/ myanmar-news-290607.htm (Erişim: 01.10.2018)

Conference Paper, 60 Years of the Geneva Conventions and the Decades Ahead, Berne, 2010. https://dfae.admin.ch/dam/eda/en/documents/publications/Voelkerrecht/Konferenzpapier-60-Jahre-Genfer-Konventionen_ en.pdf (Erişim: 18.10.2018)

International Conference for the Protection of War Victims, Final Declaration, International Review of Red Cross, 1993 No:296 https://www. loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/RC_Sep-Oct-1993.pdf (Erişim: 10.10.2018)

https://www.icrc.org/en/download/file/1135/table-of-national-ihlcommittees-icrceng.pdf (02.12.2018)

https://www.icrc.org/sites/default/files/topic/file_plus_list/0923-increasing_respect_for_international_humanitarian_law_in_non-international_armed_conflicts.pdf (Erişim: 02.11.2018) http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SD_040408_Humanitarian%20Ceasefire%20Agreement%20on%20the%20Conflict%20 in%20Darfur.pdf (Erişim: 15.11.2018)

www.usip.org/sites/default/iles/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/ aceh_12092002.pdf; (Erişim: 15.12.2018)

http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=4788, (Erişim: 02.12.2018)

http://theirwords.org/media/transfer/doc/1_so_1993_24-822dc2f9d5560375a319fe 3bbe479232.pdf (Erişim: 09.12.2018)

http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3e81949e4 (Erişim: 15.02..2018)

https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-45481458 (Erişim: 03.10.2018)

https://www.timeturk.com/ucm-sudan-cumhurbaskani-omer-el-besir-i-tutuklamacagrisi/haber-917651 (Erişim: 15.10.2018)

https://tr.sputniknews.com/avrupa/201809111035150439-abd-tehdit-ettigiuluslararasi-ceza-mahkemesi-fransa-destek/ (Erişim: 15.10.2018)

https://www.icrc.org/en/document/no-agreement-states-mechanism-strengthencompliance-rules-war (Erişim: 20.09.2017)

https://www.icrc.org/en/document/roots-restraint-rules-war-and-how-influencebehaviour-conflict (Erişim: 02.02.2019)

https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/roots-restraint-war Erişim: 02.02.2019)