İŞYERİNDE HATALARDAN ÖĞRENME ÖLÇEĞİ TÜRKÇE FORMUNUN GEÇERLİLİK VE GÜVENİLİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Mesleki/profesyonel öğrenme ve gelişim alanında, insanların yanılabilirlikleri ve hatalardan öğrenme konularına olan ilgi giderek artmaktadır. Araştırmacılar ve uygulayıcılar hatalardan öğrenmenin önemini fark etmiş olmakla birlikte konu üzerinde çok fazla araştırma yapılmamıştır ve işyerindeki hatalardan öğrenme süreçlerine dair eksiksiz bir kavrayış henüz mevcut değildir. Örgütlerin hataların olumlu sonuçlarından faydalanması için, çalışanları hatadan öğrenmeye teşvik eden koşulları daha iyi anlamak önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Bauer ve Mul- der (2010) tarafından geliştirilmiş olan İşyerinde Hatalardan Öğrenme Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye kazandırılmasıdır. Ölçek geçerleme çalışması kapsamında, ölçeğin psi- kometrik özelliklerini değerlendirmek için iki farklı örneklemden, toplamda 455 kişiye ulaşılmıştır. Keşfedici, doğrulayıcı ve test-tekrar test analizleri ile verilerin irdelenmesi sonucunda orijinalde iki faktörlü olarak önerilen ölçeğin aynı şekilde iki faktörlü (neden analizi ve strateji geliştirme) bir yapıda Türkçe uygunluğu be- lirlenmiştir. Güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği sağlanmış Hatalardan Öğrenme Ölçeğinin Türkçe yazına ve Türk Bilim Dünyası’na katkısının yüksek olacağı düşünülmek- tedir.

HE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE MEASURE FOR LEARNING FROM ERRORS AT WORK – TURKISH FORM

Human fallibility and learning from errors are issues that are receiving increasing at- tention in the field of professional learning and development. Although researchers and practitioners have recognized the importance of learning from errors, not much work has been done on the topic and a thorough understanding of error-related learning processes at work is still missing. For organizations to profit from positive outcomes of error, obtaining a better understanding of the circumstances that encourage employees to learn from error is critical. The present paper tests the validity and reliability of the Turkish form of the measure for Learning from Errors at Work which is developed by Bauer and Mulder (2010). Within the scope of the scale validation process, a total of 455 people was reached from two different samples to evaluate the psychometric properties of the scale. Descriptive and confirmatory factor analyzes, and test-retest analyzes were performed on the collected data. The findings showed that the scale has a two-factor structure, similar to the original, labeled as “Cause Analysis” and “Strat- egy Development” by the authors. The researchers of the present study believe that the validity and reliability of the Measure for Learning from Errors at Work – Turkish Form will make contributions to the literature on errors in organizations and learning from errors at work.

___

  • Alonso, I.J., Broadrib, M. (2018). “Human Error: A Myth Eclipsing Real Causes”, Process Safety Progress, 37(2), 145-149.
  • Argote, L., Todocara, G. (2007). Organizational Learning. G. P. Hodgkinson ve J. K. Ford (Ed). International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Vol. 22) içinde (193–234). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
  • Argyris, C., Schön, D.A. (1978). Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
  • Arthur, J.B., Aiman-Smith, L. (2002). “Gainsharing and Organizational Learning: An Analy- sis of Employee Suggestions over Time”, Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 737- 754.
  • Ataman, G., Tolga, M. (2003). “Küreselleşme Sürecindeki Kaotik Yapı ve Havayolu Taşı- macılığı Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 18(1), 293-314.
  • Atmaca, T. (2020). “Öğretmenlerin Yaptıkları Meslek Hatalarının Meslekî Öğrenme Bağ- lamında İncelenmesi”, Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(1), 309-326.
  • Ayar Şentürk, H. (2018). “Müşteri Deneyimlerinden Öğrenme: Akıllı Hatalar Güçlü Marka- lar”, BMIJ, 6(2), 730-751.
  • Bauer, J., Gartmeier, M., Harteis, C. (2012). Human Fallibility and Learning from Errors at Work. J. Bauer & C. Harteis (Ed.) Human Fallibility: The Ambiguity of Errors for Work and Learning içinde (155-169). Heidelberg: Springer Science+Business Media Dordre- cht.
  • Bauer, J., Harteis, C. (2012). The Ambiguity of Errors for Work and Learning: Introduction to the Volume. J. Bauer & C. Harteis (Ed.) Human Fallibility: The Ambiguity of Errors for Work and Learning içinde (1-14). Heidelberg: Springer Science+Business Media Dord- recht.
  • Bauer, J., Mulder, R.H. (2007). Modelling Learning from Errors in Daily Work, Learning in Health and Social Care, 6(3), 121–133
  • Bauer, J., Mulder, R.H. (2010). In Search of a Good Method for Measuring Learning from Errors at Work. M. van Woerkom & R. Poell (Ed.) Workplace Learning: Concepts, Mea- surement and Application içinde (111-127). NewYork: Routledge.
  • Brodbeck, F.C., Zapf, D., Prümper, J., Frese, M. (1993). “Error Handling in Office Work with Computers: A Field Study”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 66, 303-317.
  • Carroll, P.B, Mui, C. (2008). “Failed Strategies: What CEOs Can Learn From The Billion Dollar Mistakes of Others”, Chief Executive, 236, 44-46.
  • Cannon, M. D., Edmondson, A. C. (2001). “Confronting Failure: Antecedents and Consequ- ences of Shared Beliefs about Failure in Organizational Work Groups”, Journal of Orga- nizational Behavior, 22, 161–177.
  • Carmeli, A, Gittell, J.H. (2009). “High-Quality Relationships, Psychological Safety, and Le- arning from Failures in Work Organizations”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(6), 709–729.
  • Cortini, M., Pivetti, M., Cervai, S. (2016). “Learning Climate and Job Performance among Health Workers. A Pilot Study”, Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article1644.
  • Crossan, M., Lane, H.W., White, R.E. (1999). “An Organizational Learning Framework: From Intuition to Institution”, Academy of Management Review, 24 (3), 522–537.
  • Cummings, T.G. ve Worley, C.G. (2015). Organization Development & Change (10th Editi- on). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
  • Cusin, J., Goujon-Belghit, A. (2019). “Error Reframing: Studying The Promotion of an Error Management Culture”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(4), 510-524.
  • Denton, J. (1998). Organisational Learning and Effectiveness. London: Routledge. De Winter, J. C. F., Dodou, D., Wieringa, P.A. (2009). “Exploratory Factor Analysis with Small Sample Sizes”, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 44(2), 147–181.
  • Edmondson, A.C. (2011). “Strategies for Learning from Failure”, Harvard Business Review, 89(4), 48-55.
  • Edmondson, A., Moingeon, B. (1998). “From Organizational Learning to The Learning Or- ganization”, Management Learning, 29, 5-20.
  • Fabrigar, L.R., Wegener, D.T., MacCallum, R.C., Strahan, E.J. (1999). “Evaluating The Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Psychological Research”, Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299.
  • Falchuk, B. (2017, September 06). “If You’ve Made a Huge Mistake at Work, You Can Reco- ver With this 1 Simple Approach”. https://www.inc.com/bryan-falchuk/if-youve-made-a- huge-mistake-at-work-you-can-recov.html [Erişim Tarihi 15.01.2020]
  • Fiol, C.M., Lyles, M.A. (1985). “Organizational Learning,” Academy of Management Re- view, 10(4), 803-813.
  • Frese, M., Keith, N. (2015). “Action Errors, Error Management, and Learning in Organizati- ons”, Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 661–687.
  • Friedman, V.J., Lipshitz, R., Popper, M. (2005). “The Mystification of Organizational Lear- ning”, Journal of Management Inquiry, 14(1), 19-30.
  • Gartmeier, M., Bauer, J., Gruber, H., Heid, H. (2008). “Negative Knowledge: Understanding Professional Learning and Expertise”, Vocations and Learning, 1, 87–103.
  • Gartmeier, M., Lehtinen, E., Gruber, H., Heid, H. (2011). “Negative Expertise: Comparing Differently Tenured Elder Care Nurses’ Negative Knowledge”, European Journal of Psy- chology of Education, 26(2), 273–300.
  • Gartmeier, M., Ottl, E., Bauer, J., Berberat, P.O. (2017). “Learning from Errors: Critical Inci- dent Reporting in Nursing”, Journal of Workplace Learning, 29(5), 339-352.
  • Gartmeier, M., Schüttelkopf, E.M. (2012). Tracing Outcomes of Learning from Errors on the Level of Knowledge. J. Bauer & C. Harteis (Ed.) Human Fallibility: The Ambiguity of Errors for Work and Learning içinde (33-51). Heidelberg: Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
  • Glendon, I., Clarke, S. G., McKenna, E. F. (2006). Human Safety and Risk Management. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor ve Francis.
  • Harteis, C., Bauer, J. (2014). Learning from Errors at Work. S. Billett, C. Harteis, H. Gruber (Ed). International Handbook of Research in Professional and Practice-Based Learning içinde (699-732). Amsterdam: Springer.
  • Harteis, C., Bauer, J., Heid, H. (2012). Research on Human Fallibility and Learning from Er- rors at Work: Challenges for Theory, Research, and Practice. J. Bauer & C. Harteis (Ed.) Human Fallibility: The Ambiguity of Errors for Work and Learning içinde (256-265).
  • Heidelberg: Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
  • Hirak, R., Peng, A.C., Carmeli A., Schaubroeck, J.M. (2012). “Linking Leader Inclusiveness to Work Unit Performance: The Importance of Psychological Safety and Learning from Failures”, The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 107–117.
  • Hodgkinson, M. (2000). “Managerial Perceptions of Barriers to Becoming a ‘Learning Orga- nization’”, The Learning Organization, 7(3), 156-166.
  • Hofmann, D.A., Frese, M. (2011). Errors, Error Taxonomies, Error Prevention and Error Management: Laying the Groundwork for Discussing Errors in Organizations. D.A. Hof- mann & M. Frese (Ed.). (2011). The Organizational Frontiers Series (SIOP). Errors in Organizations içinde (1-43). Routledge/Taylor ve Francis Group.
  • Homsma, G.J., Van Dyck, C., De Gilder, Koopman, D.P.L., Elfring, T. (2009). “Learning from Error: The Influence of Error Incident Characteristics”, Journal of Business Rese- arch, 62, 115–122.
  • Huber, G.P. (1991). “Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatu- res”, Organization Science, 2(1), 88-115.
  • Keith, N. (2012). Managing Errors During Training. J. Bauer & C. Harteis (Ed.) Human Fal- libility: The Ambiguity of Errors for Work and Learning içinde (173-195). Heidelberg: Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
  • Kern, T. (2013, May 06). “The War on Error: Human Error as a Strategic Risk Management Concern.” http://www.rmmagazine.com/2013/05/06/the-war-on-error-human-error-as-a- strategic-risk-management-concern/ [Erişim Tarihi 15.01.2020]
  • Kolb, D. (1984). Experiential Learning. Experience as the Source of Learning and Develop- ment. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Kriegesmann, B., Kley, T., Schwering, M.G. (2005). “Creative Errors and Heroic Failures: Capturing their Innovative Potential”, Journal of Business Strategy, 26, 57–64.
  • Lei, Z., Naveh, E., Novikov, Z. (2016). “Errors in Organizations: An Integrative Review via Level of Analysis, Temporal Dynamism, and Priority Lenses”, Journal of Management, 42(5), 1315-1343.
  • Lim, D., Song, J.H., Yoon, S.W. (2014). Trends and Issues in Integrating Knowledge Ma- nagement and Organizational Learning for Workplace Performance Improvement. N. E.
  • Chalofsky, T. S. Rocco, & M. L. Morris (Ed.), Handbook of Human Resource Develop- ment içinde (369-385). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Lipshitz, R., Popper, M., Friedman, V.J. (2002). “A Multifacet Model of Organizational Le- arning”, The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 38(1),78–98.
  • MacPhail, L.H., Edmondson, A.C. (2011). Learning Domains: The Importance of Work Con- text in Organizational Learning From Error. D. A. Hofmann & M. Frese (Ed.) Errors in Organizations içinde (177-198). NewYork: Routledge.
  • Metcalfe, J. (2017). Learning from Errors, Annual Review of Psychology, 68(1), 465-489. Naveh, E., Lei, Z. (2019). “Coping with Errors in Organizations: Challenges, Opportunities, and Frontiers for Operations Management Research”, Foundations and Trends in Techno- logy, Information and Operations Management, 12(4), 349–433.
  • Oser, F.K., Näpflin, C., Hofer, C., Aerni, P. (2012). Towards a Theory of Negative Knowled - ge (NK): Almost-Mistakes as Drivers of Episodic Memory Amplification. J. Bauer & C.
  • Harteis (Ed.) Human Fallibility: The Ambiguity of Errors for Work and Learning içinde (53-70). Heidelberg: Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
  • Oser, F., Spychiger, M. (2005). Lernen ist schmerzhaft. Zur Theorie des Negativen Wissens und zur Praxis der Fehlerkultur [Learning is painful. On the theory of negative knowledge and the practice of error culture]. Weinheim, Germany: Beltz.
  • Özmen, F., Aküzüm, C. (2013). “Okul Yöneticilerinin Okul Ortamında Yaşanan Örgütsel Ha- talara Yönelik Tavır Alışları”, Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21, 332-351
  • Perrow, C. (1984). Normal Accidents: Living with High Risk Technologies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Peters, G.A., Peters, B.J. (2006). Human Error: Causes and Control. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor ve Francis.
  • Popova-Nowak, I.V. ve Cseh, M. (2015). “The Meaning of Organizational Learning: A Me- ta-Paradigm Perspective”. Human Resource Development Review, 14(3), 299–331.
  • Putz, D., Schilling, J., Kluge, A. (2012). Measuring Organizational Climate for Learning from Errors at Work. J. Bauer & C. Harteis (Ed.) Human Fallibility: The Ambiguity of Errors for Work and Learning içinde (107–123). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Ramanujam, R., Goodman, P. S. (2003). “Latent Errors and Adverse Organizational Con- sequences: A Conceptualization”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 815–836.
  • Reason, J. T. (1990). Human Error. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Reason, J. (2000). “Human Error: Models and Management”, Western Journal of Medicine, 172(6), 393–396.
  • Robey, D., Boudreau, M.-C., Rose, G. M. (2000). “Information Technology and Organiza- tional Learning: A Review and Assessment of Research”, Accounting Management and Information Technologies, 10(2), 125-155.
  • Ron, N., Lipshitz, R. ve Popper, M. (2006). “How Organizations Learn: Post-Flight Reviews in an F-16 Fighter Squadron”, Organization Studies, 27(8), 1069–89.
  • Starkey, K. (1998). “What can we Learn from the Learning Organization?” Human Relati- ons, 51(4), 531-546.
  • Sugarman, B. (2001). “A Learning Based Approach to Organizational Change: Some Results and Guidelines”, Organizational Dynamics, 30(1), 62-76.
  • Tabachnick, B., ve Fidell, L. (2012). Using Multivariate Statistics. London: Pearson.
  • The Dutch Authority for the Financial Markets (2017, October). “Learning from Errors; Towards an Error Management Culture Insights based on a Study in The Capital Mar- kets” https://www.afm.nl/~/profmedia/files/onderwerpen/consument-gedrag-cultuur/re- port-dealing-with-errors.pdf [Erişim Tarihi 15.01.2020]
  • Tsang, E.W.K. (1997). “Organizational Learning and the Learning Organization: A Dicho- tomy between Descriptive and Prescriptive Research”, Human Relations, 50(1), 73-89. Türk Dil Kurumu (2020). Atasözleri ve Deyimler Sözlüğü. https://sozluk.gov.tr/ [Erişim Ta- rihi 15.01.2020]
  • Rybowiak, V., Garst, H., Frese, M., Batinic, B. (1999). “Error Orientation Questionnaire (EOQ): Reliability, Validity and Different Language Equivalence”, Journal of Organiza- tional Behavior, 20, 527–547.
  • Senge, P. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. New York: Random House.
  • Sitkin, S. B. (1992). “Learning through Failure: The Strategy of Small Losses”, Research in Organizational Behavior, 14, 231–266.
  • Van Dyck, C. (2009). “The Tragic 1996 Everest Expedition: A Tale of Error Culture”, Net- herlands Journal of Psychology, 65, 22–34.
  • Worthington, R L., Whittaker, T.A. (2006). “Scale Development Research: A Content Analy- sis and Recommendations for Best Practices”, The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806– 838.
  • Yenice, A., Pirtini, S., Ataman, G. (2018). “Sosyal Medyada Kriz Yönetimi ve Kurum İtibarı ile İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Model Uygulaması”, Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bi- limler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(3), 3-8.
  • Zhao, B. (2011). “Learning from Errors: The Role of Context, Emotion, and Personality”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 435–463.
  • Zhao, B., Olivera, F. (2006). “Error Reporting in Organizations”, Academy of Management Review, 31(4), 1012-1030.
  • Zhao, B., Seifried, J., Sieweke, J. (2018). “Trainers’ Responses to Errors Matter in Trainees’ Learning from Errors: Evidence from Two Studies”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 33(3), 279-296.