Türkiye’de Demokrasinin Ekolojik Ayak İzi Üzerindeki Etkisi

Son dönemde yapılan çalışmalar, çevre kirliliğini etkileyen ekonomik belirleyicilerin yanı sıra demokrasi ve çevresel kalite üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu çerçevede literatürde bazı çalışmalar demokrasi ile çevre kirliliği arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu savunurken, bazıları ise bu etkinin negatif olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmada Türkiye’de demokrasinin çevre kirliliği üzerindeki etkisi ARDL yöntemi ile incelenmektedir. Kullanılan veri seti 1980-2017 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Çalışmada çevre kirliliğini ölçmek için ekolojik ayak izi endeksi kullanılmaktadır. Analiz bulguları kişi başı gelir, brüt sermaye oluşumu ve ekolojik ayak izi arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte demokrasi ile ekolojik ayak izi arasında uzun dönemde pozitif yönlü bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Diğer bir ifadeyle, Türkiye’de demokrasi düzeyindeki artış çevre kirliliğini artırmaktadır.

The Impact of Democracy on Ecological Footprint in Turkey

Recent studies focus on the relationship between democracy and environmental quality as well as economic determinants affecting environmental degradation. Some studies in the literature argue that there is a positive relationship between democracy and environmental degradation, while others argue the opposite. In this context, this study investigates the impact of democracy on environmental degradation using the ARDL methodology. The dataset covers the period 1980-2017. The ecological footprint index is used as a proxy for environmental degradation. The results show that there is a significant relationship between GDP per capita, gross capital formation and ecological footprint in the long-run. Furthermore, the results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between democracy and ecological footprint. In other words, an increase in democracy increases the ecological footprint in Turkey.

PDF

___

Acemoglu, D. & Robinson, J. A. (2006). Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Cambridge University Press.
Ahmed, Z., Wang, Z., Mahmood, F., Hafeez, M., & Ali, N. (2019). “Does Globalization Increase the Ecological Footprint? Empirical Evidence from Malaysia”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(18), 18565-18582.
Apaydın, Ş. & Taşdoğan, C. (2019). “Türkiye’de İktisadi Büyüme ve Birincil Enerji Tüketiminin Karbon Salınımı Üzerindeki Etkisi: Yapısal Var Yaklaşımı”, Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(16), 19-35.
Apaydın, Ş. (2020). “Küreselleşmenin Ekolojik Ayakizi Üzerindeki Etkileri: Türkiye Örneği”, Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 23-42.
Apaydın, Ş. (2020). “OECD Ülkelerinde Atık Yönetimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Bir Panel Kantil Regresyon Yaklaşımı”, Third Sector Social Economic Review, 55(1), 300-312.
Apaydın, Ş., Ursavaş, U., & Koç, Ü. (2021). “The Impact of Globalization on the Ecological Footprint: Do Convergence Clubs Matter?”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(8), 53379- 53393.
Bernauer, T. & Koubi, V. (2004). On the Political Determinants of Environmental Quality. Paper Prepared for Presentation at the Annual Convention of the American Political Science Association in Chicago, September 2-5.
Bernauer, T. & Koubi, V. (2009). “Political Determinants of Environmental Quality”, Ecological Economics, 68(5), 1355-1365.
Binder, S., & Neumayer, E. (2005). “Environmental Pressure Group Strength and Air Pollution: An Empirical Analysis”, Ecological Economics, 55(4), 527-538.
Brenna, K. A. (2015). Democracy and Climate Change the Relationship between Democracy and CO2- Emissions. Master's Thesis, University of Oslo.
Congleton, R. D. (1992). “Political Institutions and Pollution Control”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 74(3), 412-421.
Çetin, M., Ecevit, E., & Yucel, A. G. (2018). “The Impact of Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Trade Openness, and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Turkey”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(36), 36589-36603.
Çukurçayır, S. & Tezcan, K. (2011). “Demokratikleşme ve Ekonomik Kalkınma: Etkileşim Analizi”, Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetim Dergisi, Cilt 6, Sayı 2, s.48-76.
Destek, M. A. & Ozsoy, F. N. (2015). “Relationships between Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Globalization, Urbanization and Environmental Degradation in Turkey”, International Journal of Energy and Statistics, 3(4), 1- 13
Destek, M. A., Balli, E., & Manga, M. (2016). “The Relationship between CO2 Emission, Energy Consumption, Urbanization and Trade Openness for Selected CEECs”, Research in World Economy, 7(1), 52-58
Dogan, E. & Turkekul, B. (2016). “CO2 Emissions, Real Output, Energy Consumption, Trade, Urbanization and Financial Development: Testing the Ekc Hypothesis for the USA”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(2), 1203-1213.
Gallagher, K. P. & Thacker, S. C. (2008). “Democracy, Income, and Environmental Quality”, PERI Working Papers, 124.
Hotunluoğlu, H. & Yılmaz, G. S. (2018). “Demokrasi Karbondioksit Emisyonu İçin Önemli mi? Türkiye İçin Bir Uygulama”, Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 133-141.
Jalil, A. & Mahmud, S. F. (2009). “Environment Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions: A Cointegration Analysis for China”, Energy Policy, 37(12), 5167-5172.
Kasman, A. & Duman, Y. S. (2015). “CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Trade and Urbanization in New EU Member and Candidate Countries: A Panel Data Analysis”, Economic Modelling, 44, 97-103.
Lau, L. S., Choong, C. K., & Eng, Y. K. (2014). “Investigation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve for Carbon Emissions in Malaysia: Do Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Matter?”, Energy Policy, 68, 490-497.
Li, Q. & Reuveny, R. (2006). “Democracy and Environmental Degradation”, International Studies Quarterly, 50(4), 935.
Ling, G., Razzaq, A., Guo, Y., Fatima, T., & Shahzad, F. (2021). “Asymmetric and Time-Varying Linkages between Carbon Emissions, Globalization, Natural Resources and Financial Development in China”, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-29.
Midlarsky, M. I. (1998). “Democracy and the Environment: An Empirical Assessment”, Journal of Peace Research, 35(3), 341-361.
Narayan, S. & Narayan, P. K. (2004). “Determinants of Demand for Fiji's Exports: An Emprical Investigation. The Developing Economies”, 42(1), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746- 1049.2004.tb01017.x
Olson, M. (1993). “Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development”, The American Political Science Review, 87(3), 567-576.
Özsoy, F. (2021). “Türkiye’de Yolsuzluk ve Ekolojik Ayak İzi Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”, Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 353-361.
Pata, U. K. (2019). “Environmental Kuznets Curve and Trade Openness in Turkey: Bootstrap ARDL Approach with a Structural Break”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(20), 20264-20276.
Payne, R. A. (1995). “Freedom and the Environment”, Journal of Democracy, 6(3), 41-55.
Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. (1995). An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. Department of Applied Economics Working Paper No. 9514. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.153.3246&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
Romuald, K. S. (2011). Democratic Institutions and Environmental Quality: Effects and Transmission Channels. EAAE 2011 Congress, Switzerland.
Rudolph, A. & Figge, L. (2017). “Determinants of Ecological Footprints: What Is the Role of Globalization?”, Ecological Indicators, 81, 348-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.04.060
Scruggs, L. (2009). Democracy and Environmental Protection: An Empirical Analysis. Annual Meeting of The Midwest Political Science Association 67th Annual National Conference, The Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, Illinois
Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ahmed, K., & Hammoudeh, S. (2017). “Trade Openness–Carbon Emissions Nexus: The Importance of Turning Points of Trade Openness for Country Panels”, Energy Economics, 61, 221-232.
Torras, M., & Boyce, J. K. (1998). “Income, Inequality, and Pollution: A Reassessment of The Environmental Kuznets Curve”, Ecological Economics, 25(2), 147-160.
Sarıbaş, H. & Ursavaş, U. (2020). “Middle-Income Trap and Factors Affecting the Risk of Growth Slowdown in Upper-Middle-Income Countries”, Economics and Business Letters 9(4), 350-360.
Wackernagel, M. & Rees, W. (1996). Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers.
Ward, H. (2006). “International Linkages and Environmental Sustainability: The Effectiveness of the Regime Network”, Journal of Peace Research, 43(2), 149-166.
You, W. H., Zhu, H. M., Yu, K., & Peng, C. (2015). “Democracy, Financial Openness, and Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Heterogeneity Across Existing Emission Levels”, World Development, 66, 189-207.
Yu, Miaojie (2005); “Trade Globalization and Political Liberalization: A Gravity Approach”, TIGER Working Paper, Sayı 104.
Zhang, S., Liu, X., & Bae, J. (2017). “Does Trade Openness Affect CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Ten Newly Industrialized Countries?”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(21), 17616-17625.