ORTA ASYA ÜLKELERİNDE CO2 EMİSYONU, İKTİSADİ VE FİNANSAL GELİŞME VE FOSİL YAKIT ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ İLİŞKİSİ

Orta Asya ülkelerinin zengin doğal kaynakları, bölge ülkelerinin ekonomik büyümelerini hızla artırmalarına yardımcı olmaktadır. Türkmenistan ve Özbekistan çok büyük petrol ve doğal gaz rezervlerine sahiptir. Kazakistan ise Hazar gölüne kıyısı olan ülkeler arasında en büyük petrol rezervlerine sahiptir. Geçen yirmi yıl boyunca Kazakistan'ın enerji ihracat hacmini artırırken Gayri Safi Milli Hasılasını da artırdığı görülmektedir. Orta Asya ülkeleri enerji sektöründe yaşanan bu hızlı büyüme, çevresel kirlenmeyi kaçınılmaz şekilde artırmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, Türkmenistan ve Özbekistan henüz liberal ekonomik sisteme dönüşüm yapamamışlardır. Bu durumlar, Orta Asya ülke yönetimlerini uzun dönemli sürdürülebilir kalkınmadan ziyade kısa dönem ekonomik iyileşmeye yöneltmiştir. Çevre kirliliği, ekonomik büyümenin ana sonuçlarından birisi olmasına rağmen, küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği problemleri insan yaşam kalitesini tehdit etmektedir. COdüzeylerini azaltmak için Orta Asya ülkeleri Kyoto protokolünü imzalamalarına rağmen, bölge ülkeleri hala çevre kirliliği konusunda kaygılanmaktadırlar. Bu çalışma, Orta Asya ülkeleri için CO2 salınımları ile ekonomik ve finansal gelişme ve fosil yakıt enerji tüketimi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, Orta Asya ülkeleri için ters-U biçimindeki Çevresel Kuznets eğrisinin geçerliliğini göstermektedir. Buna ek olarak, enerji tüketimi ve şehirleşmenin CO2 salınımlarını pozitif etkilediği bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, analizler finansal gelişme ve ticari açıklığın CO2 salınımlarını azaltmada önemli faktörler olduklarını göstermektedir

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CO2 EMISSIONS, ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND FOSSIL FUEL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN CENTRAL ASIA

Central Asian countries’ very rich natural resources spurs economic growth in the region. Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan sit on inhabit on large natural gas and oil reserves. However, Kazakhstan has access to the biggest recoverable oil reserves among the Caspian Sea countries. During the past two decades, Kazakhstan has been increasing its energy exports volume while it increased its economic growth. The speedy growth in energy industry of Central Asian countries fatally enhances environmental degradation in region. On the other hand, both Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan have not transformed into liberalized economic systems. These situations have tended to the governments of region towards short term economic advancement rather than long term sustainable development. Although environmental deterioration is a main result of the process of economic growth, global warming and climate change has been threating the quality of human life. Though Central Asian countries signed to Kyoto protocol to decrease CO2emission levels, these countries still have environmental pollution concerns. This paper examines relationships between CO2 emissions, economic and financial development and fossil fuel energy consumption for a panel of Central Asian countries over the period 1992-2013. The findings of this study show that an inverted U shape environmental Kuznets curve for Central Asia. Moreover, energy consumption and urbanization are found to have positive effects on CO2 emissions. However, analysis suggests that financial development and trade openness are essential factors for the reduction of CO2 emissions

PDF

___

Antle, J.M., Heidebrink, G. (1995). Environment and development: theory and international evidence. Economic Development and Cultural Changes, 43, 603–625.
Aydın, A. (2016). Orta Asya’daki Güvenlik Sorunlarının Çözümünde Şangay İşbirliği Örgütü’nün Etkinliği. Turkish Studies, International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 11/1, 145-160. doi: 10.7827/Turkishstudies.9043.
Beck, K. A., & Joshi, P. (2015). An Analysis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve for Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Evidence for OECD and Non-OECD Countries. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(3), 33.
Birdsall, N., Wheeler, D. (1993). Trade policy and industrial pollution in Latin America: Where are the pollution havens? Journal of Environment and Development, 2, 137–149.
Carius, A. M., Feil, Tänzler, D. (2003). Addressing Environmental Risks in Central Asia, Risks, Policies, Capacities, Environmental Government series, UNDP.
Cao, X., Prakash, A. (2010). Trade competition and domestic pollution: A panel study, 1980– 2003. International Organization, 64(03), 481-503.
Chinn, M. D., Hiro, I. (2006). What Matters for Financial Development? Capital Controls, Institutions, and Interactions. Journal of Development Economics, 81(1), 163-192.
Cole, M.A., Elliot, R.J.R. (2005). FDI and the capital intensity of “dirty” sectors: a missing piece of the pollution haven puzzle. Review of Development Economics, 9(4), 530–548.
Cole, M.A., Neumayer, E., (2004). Examining the impact of demographic factors on air pollution. Population and Environment, 26(1), 5-21.
Beck, N., Katz, J.N., (1995). What to Do (and Not to Do) with Time Series Cross Section Data. American Political Science Review, 89, 634-647.
Dasgupta, S., Hong, J.H., Laplante, B., Mamingi, N. (2004). Disclosure of environmental violations and stock market in the Republic of Korea. Ecological Economics, 58(4), 759–777.
Diwan, I., Shafik, N. (1992). Investment, technology and the global environment: towards international agreement in a world of disparities. In: Low, P. (Ed.), International Trade and the Environment. World Bank, Washington, DC.
Feridun, M. (2006). Impact of trade liberalization on the environment in developing countries: the case of Nigeria. MPRA Paper no. 731.
Ferrantino, M.J. (1997). International trade, environmental quality and public policy. The World Economy, 20, 43–72.
Goldemberg, J. (1998). Viewpoint: leapfrog energy technologies. Energy Policy, 26(10), 729–741.
Grossman, G., Krueger, A., 1991. Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. National Bureau of Economics Research Working Paper, No. 3194, NBER, Cambridge.
Hitam, M.B., Borhan, H.B. (2012). FDI, Growth and the Environment: Impact on Quality of Life in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50, 333–342.
Holtz-Eakin, D., Selden, T.M. (1995). Stoking the fires? CO2 emissions and economic growth. Journal of Public Economics, 57, 85–101.
Kiesel, K. (2006). International Economics and the Environmental Kuznets Curve. EEP 101/ECON 125. Retrieved 2012, from http://are.berkeley.edu/∼kiesel/section%2011.pdf.
Liang, G. (2006). International business and industry life cycle: theory, empirical evidence and policy implications. Paper accepted for presentation at the Annual Conference on Corporate Strategy, Berlin, 19–20 May.
List, J.A., Co, C.Y. (2000). The effect of environmental regulation on foreign direct investment. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 40, 1–40.
Lopez, R. (1994). The Environment as a Factor of Production: The Effects of Economic Growth and Trade Liberalization. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27, 163-184.
McConnell, K.E. (1997). Income and the Demand for Environmental Quality. Environment and Development Economics, 2(4), 383-400.
Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., Randers, J. & Behrens, W. (1992). The Limits to Growth. New York: Universe Books.
Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development. World Employment Programme Research, Working Paper, 238.
Panayotou, T. (1997). Demystifying the environmental Kuznets curve: turning a black box into a policy tool. Environment and Development Economics, 2, 465–484.
Qi, J., & Evered, K. T. (Eds.). (2008). Environmental problems of Central Asia and their economic, social and security impacts. Springer Science & Business Media.
Rafia, A., Mohd, N.H., Noor, A.I. (2003). Review of air pollution and health impacts in Malaysia. Environmental Research, 92(2), 71-77.
Selden, T.M., Song, D. (1994). Environmental quality and development: is there a Kuznets curve for air pollution emission? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27, 147– 162.
Shafik, N., Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic Growth and Environmental Quality: Time-Series and Cross-Country Evidence. Background Paper for World Development Report 1992. World Bank, Washington, DC.
Shafik, N.T. (1994). Economic development and environmental quality: an econometric analysis. Oxford Economic Papers, 46, 757–773.
Sharma, S. (2011). Determinants of carbon dioxide emissions: empirical evidence from 69 countries. Applied Energy, 88, 376-382.
Soysa, I., Neumayer, E. (2004). False Prophet, or genuine Savior? Assessing the effects of economic openness on sustainable development, 1980–1999. International Trade 0409001, EconWPA, 13 October.
Stern, D. (2004). The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. World Development, 32(8), 1419-1439.
Suri, V., Chapman, D. (1998). Economic growth, trade and the environment: Implications for the environmental Kuznets curve. Ecological Economics, 25, 195–208.
Tamazian, A., Chousa, J.P, Vadlamannati, K.C. (2009). Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: Evidence from BRIC countries? Energy Policy, 37, 246–253.
Taskin, F., Zaim, O. (2000). Searching for a Kuznets Curve in Environmental Efficiency, Using Kernel Estimation. Economics Letters, 68, 217-223.