MARITIME SECURITY: PREVENTION OF MARITIME TERRORISM BY INTERNATIONAL SHIP AND PORT SECURITY (ISPS) CODE

International Maritime Organization (IMO) developed a set of maritime security regulations for managing the risk of maritime terrorism with the aim to improve maritime and port security after the September 11th, 2001 terror attack. In this regard, a unique codification has been developed in response to the perceived threats to ships and port facilities and named with International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code aiming the comprehensive set of measures to enhance the security of ships and port facilities. In this research, to be able to realize the today’s situation, a literature review of academic and operational efforts related to implementation and compliance issues of the ISPS Code are provided. This investigation was initially oriented solely towards Europe, as part of an on-going individual project with the subject of “maritime security”, however, the final data sample allowed for a wider geographical coverage and an expanded scope of analysis, since 9 different academic databases were exploited. First of all the literature review from both author-centric and concept-centric approaches are presented; then, the careful screening of literature, constructed on specific concepts, allowed the identification of cross-fertilization of these concepts in the respective fields. The results demonstrate that the research efforts focused on the ISPS Code and the development of a Port Facility Security Plan (PFSP) have an integrated perspective, where the categories of terrorism and counterterrorism, as well as maritime security management and the issue of port security have a strong interaction and dominant status. Additionally, although the main focus of the literature is on security, safety issues are quite often addressed, with oil spill and environmental protection also being included in the consequences of security incidents. In this literature review framework, the research aims to show the effectiveness of the ISPS Code in addressing maritime security and preventing of maritime terrorism in addition trying to touch the implementation and compliance issues.

DENİZ GÜVENLİĞİ: DENİZ TERÖRİZMİNİN ULUSLARARASI GEMİ VE LİMAN TESİSİ GÜVENLİĞİ (ISPS) KODU İLE ÖNLENMESİ

Uluslararası Denizcilik Örgütü (IMO), 11 Eylül 2001 terör saldırısından sonra deniz ve liman güvenliğini geliştirmek amacıyla birlikte deniz terörizmi riskini yönetmek için bir takım deniz güvenliği mevzuatı geliştirmiştir. Bu kapsamda, gemi ve liman tesisleri için algılanan tehditlere cevap vermek ve bunların güvenliğini artırmaya yönelik bir dizi kapsamlı önlem almak amacıyla Uluslararası Gemi ve Liman Tesisi Güvenliği Kodu (ISPS Code) adında özel bir kodifikasyon geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, günümüz durumunun değerlendirilebilmesi adına, ISPS Code’un şartlarının sağlanması ve uygulanması konularındaki akademik ve harekata yönelik çabaların bir literatür değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Halihazırda devam eden “deniz güvenliği” konulu bireysel bir projenin parçası olan araştırma, her ne kadar başlangıçta sadece Avrupa’ya yönlendirilmiş olsa da elde edilen bilgi örneklemi daha geniş bir coğrafyaya ve genişletilmiş bir bakış açısına izin vermiş, böylece 9 farklı akademik veri tabanı incelenmiştir. Öncelikle hem yazar merkezli hem de konu merkezli yaklaşımlarla literatür değerlendirilmesi sunulmuş, özel konular üzerinde durularak yapılan detaylı literatür taraması, bu konuların ilgili alanlarında çapraz eşleştirmeyle tanımlanmasına izin vermiştir. Sonuçlar göstermektedir ki terörizm-terörizmle mücadele ile birlikte deniz güvenliği yönetimi-liman güvenliği konulu kategorilerin kuvvetli bir etkileşim içerisinde ve baskın durumda oldukları bir ortamda, ISPS Code’a ve Liman Tesisi Güvenlik Planı’nın (PFSP) geliştirilmesine odaklanmış araştırma çabaları iç içe geçmiş bir bakış açısına sahiptir. Ayrıca, her ne kadar literatürün ana konuları olan güvenlik ve emniyet konularına sıklıkla değinilse de bu hususlar, petrol dökülmesi ve çevre koruma ile birlikte güvenlik olaylarının sonuçlarına da dahil edilmiştir. Bahse konu literatür değerlendirmesi kapsamında; araştırma, ISPS Code’un uygulanması ile şartlarının yerine getirilmesindeki sorunlara ilave olarak deniz güvenliğine cevap verme ve deniz terörizmini önleme konularındaki etkinliğini göstermeyi hedeflemektedir.

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