GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELER PERSPEKTİFİNDEN TRIPS ANLAŞMASI

Ekonomik kalkınma, bilim ve iş dünyası gibi tüm alanlarda bilginin yaratılması ve kullanımının geliştirilmesini gerektirir. Modern ekonomilerde bilgi, en az emek, sermaye ve doğal kaynak gibi diğer üretim faktörleri kadar önemli bir girdi unsurdur. Küreselleşme, bilginin yaratılması ve bilişimin geliştirilmesinin bir fonksiyonu olan verimlilik ve rekabet sonuçları yaratmıştır. Entelektüel mülkiyet hakları, ülkeler için, inovasyon ve teknoloji transferi için önemli etkilere sahiptirler. Dünya Ticaret Örgütünün Entelektüel Mülkiyet Haklarının Ticari Yönü Anlaşması (TRIPS), dünya genelinde entelektüel mülkiyet haklarında reform yapmıştır. Uluslararası ticaretin büyümesi ve ileri teknolojinin yaygınlığını takiben, entelektüel mülkiyet haklarında önemli gelişmeler sağlanmıştır. Bir sonuç olarak, küresel düzeyde entelektüel mülkiyetin sorgulanmasına ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. TRIPS 1994'de imzalanmıştır.ButarihtenitibarenTRIPS anlaşması, entelektüel mülkiyet hakların korunmasının küresel harmonizasyonuna yönelik bir eğilime yol açmıştır. Bilgi ekonomisi alanında küreselleşmenin faydaları, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde eşit şekilde dağılmamaktadır. Bu nedenle entelektüel mülkiyet hakları koruması üzerinde TRIPS anlaşmasının etkileri, ülkelerin ekonomik gelişme düzeyine uygun olarak değişmektedir. Entelektüel mülkiyet hakların koruması, çoğu gelişmekte olan ülkeler için alışık olunmayan bir durumdur. Literatürde, entelektüel mülkiyet hakları konusunda birçok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Ancak bu çalışmalardan hiçbiri, farklı gelişme düzeyine sahip odaklanmamaktadır. Bu makalede, güçlü entelektüel mülkiyet haklarının ekonomik fayda ve maliyetlerinin gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler açısından farklı olup olmadığı incelemektedir

THE TRIPS AGREEMENT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Economic development requires enhanced use of knowledge and the ability to create knowledge in all area such as scientific and business. In modern economy, knowledge is at least as important an input as factor of production like labour, capital, and raw materials. Globalization has created productivity and competitiveness results becoming a function of knowledge creation and information processing.Intellectual property rights (IPRs) have got important effects on innovation and technology transfer for countries.The World Trade Organization’s Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement has reformed intellectual property rights throughout the world. Following the growth of internationaltrade and the spread of advanced technology, considerable progress has been made in IPRs. As a result, there is the need to protect intellectual property in the global level.Since it was signed in 1994, the TRIPS Agreementhas led the trend toward the global harmonization of IPRs protection.Thebenefists of globalization on knowledge economies is not distributed equivalently between developed countries and developing countries. For this reason, the effects of the TRIPS Agreement on IPRs protection vary according to the degree of economic development of countries.The protection of IPRs is novel case for most developing countries.There are many studies on the intellectual property rights in the literature. However, none of these studies has focused in detail on the results of the TRIPS Agreement for countries which have the different development level.In this paper, we investigate whether the economic costs and benefits from stronger IPRs differin developed and developing countries

PDF

___

ADOLF, H. (March, 2001), “Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rigths and Developing Countries”, Developing Economies, xxxıx, 49-84.
ALAVI, Maryam and Leidner, E. Dorothy (March, 2001), Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems, MIS Quarterly,25(1):107–136.
ANDERSON, A.M. and Razavi, B. (2010), “The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights:TRIPS, BITS, andtheSearchforUniformProtection”, GeorgaiJournal of International ComparativeLaw, 38(2), 266-292.
ARCHIBUGI, D. and Filippetti, A. (2010), “The Globalisation of Intellectual Property Rights: Four Learned Lessons and Four Theses”, Global Policy, 1(2), 137-149.
BALKIN, J. (2005), “Digital Speech and Democratic Culture: A Theory of Freedom of Expression for the Information Society”, Information Ethics Privacy, Property and Power, Washington D.C.: University of Washington Press.
CHANDIRANABI, N. (2002), “Legal Factors in TRIPS”, Economic & Political Weekly, 37(3), 200-203.
CARDWELL, R. andGhazalian, P.L. (2012), “TheEffects of the TRIPS Agreement on International Protection of IntellectualPropertyRights”, The International TradeJournal, 26, 19–36.
CHEN. Y. &Puttitanun, T. (2005), “Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation in Developing Countries”, Journal of Development Economics, 78, 474-493.
CORREA, C. M. (2001), Review of the TRIPS Agreement:Fostering the Transfer of Technology to Developing Countries, Penang: Third World Network Trade and Development Series 13.
CULLET, P. (2007), “Human Rights and Intellectual Property Protection in the TRIPS Era”, Human Rights Quarterly, 29, 403-430.
DHAR, B. (November, 2001), “Doha: A Developing Countries Perspective”, Economic & Political Weekly, 36(46/47), 4343-4345.
DRAHOS, P. (2003) “WhentheWeakBargainwiththeStrong: Negotiations in the World TradeOrganization”, International Negotiation, 8(1), 79–109.
DRETSKE, F. (1981), “The Pragmatic Dimension knowledge”, Philogophical Studies, 40(3), 303- 378.
DURAN, E. and Michalopoulos, C. (November, 1999), “Intellectual Property Rights and Developing Countries in the WTO Millennium Round”, The Journal of World Intellectual Property, 2(6), 853-874.
EREN-VURAL, İ. (February, 2007), “DomesticContours of Global Regulation: UnderstandingthePolicyChanges on PharmaceuticalPatents in IndiaandTurkeyReview of International PoliticalEconomy, 14(1), 105-142.
EUSTACE, C. (2003), “A New Perspective on the Knowledge Value Chain”, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4 (4), 588-596.
FINGER, J. M. (2000), “The WTO‟s Special Burden on Less Developed Countries”, Cato Journal, 19(3), 425-437.
FORRESTER, L. S. (2005), Regulating Intellectual Property via Competition? Or Regulating Competition via Intellectual Property? Competition and Intellectual Property: Ten Years On, the Debate Still Flourishes, Brussels: European University Institute.
ISAAK, A.C. (1985), Scope and Methods of Political Sciences, Home-wood III:Dorsey.
JOHNSON, Janet Buttolph and Joslyn, Richard A. (1991), Political Science Research Methods, Washington, D.C., CQ Press.
KARAYANIDI, M. (2011), “Bargaining Power in Multilateral Negotiations on Intellectual Property Rules: Paradox of Weakness”, The Journal of World Intellectual Property, 14(3/4), 265- 275.
LALL, S. (2003), “Indicators of the Relative Importance of IPRs in Developing Countries”, Reseach Policy,32, 1657-1680.
LANGLOIS, R. N. (1985), “From the Knowledge of Economics to the Economics of Knowledge: Fritz Machup on Methodology and on the “Knowledge Society”‟, Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, 3, 225-235.
MARKUS, K.E. (1998), “The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Encourging Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Transfer”, Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, 109, 175-181.
MOORE, Adam D., and Unsworth, Kristene (2005), Information Ethics Privacy, Property, and Power, Washington: University of Washington Press.
OECD: Measuring and Reporting Intellectual Capital. Amsterdam, 9–11 June 1999, http://www.oecd.org/EN/document/0,EN-document-628-1-no-20-16345-628,00.html
OKANEN, V. and Välimäki, M. (2004), “Some Economic Aspects of the European Harmonization of Intellectual Property Rights in Software and its Impact to Eastern EU”, Lavine’s Working Paper Archive.www.dklevine.com/archive/refs4122247000000000448.pdf (1.17.2011).
RAO, C. N. (2006), “Non-Solution of TRIPS Problem”, Economic & Political Weekly, 41(4), 301- 303.
SCHNEIDER, P.H.(2005), “International Trade, Economic Growth and lntellectual Property Rights: A Panel and Developing Countries”, Journal of Development Economic, 28, 529- 547.
SCHULZ, C. Wu, M. (March-April, 2004), “The TRIPS Agreement and Intellectual Property Protection in Brazil”, American Society of International Law, 98, 100-106.
SHERWOOD, R. M. (1997), “The TRIPS Agreement: Implication for Developing Countries”, The Journal of Law and Technology, 491-544.
SIMPSON, B. P. (March, 2003), Why Externalities are not a Case of market Failure.
SRINIVASAN, T.N. (2000), The TRIPS Agreement: A Comment Inspired by Frederick Abbott’s Presentation. Retrieved January 25 2011 from www.econ.yale.edu/~srinivas/TRIPS.pdf - Similar
STEWART, T. A. (1996), Intellectual Capital - The New Wealth of Organizations, McGraw-Hill. The WTO, Annual Report 2005, Geneva:
WATSON, A. (October, 2011), “Does TRIPS increase technology transfer to the developing world? The Empirical Evidence”, Information & Communications Technology Law, 20(3), 253–278.
WILLCOCKS Leslie and Whitley, Edgar A. (2009), “Developing the Information and Knowledge Agenda in Information Systems: Insights from Philosophy”, The Information Society, 25, 190-197.
World Bank (1998), World Development Report: Konwledge for Development, World Bank, Washington D.C.