Eski Yakındoğu ve Mısır’dan Günümüze Ulaşan Hurrice Belgeler: Buluntu Yerleri ve İçerikleri

Çoğunluğu M.Ö. 2. Bin yılın ikinci yarısına tarihlenen Hurrice belgelerin buluntu yerleri Yukarı Habur Vadisi’nden Akdeniz’e ve Orta Anadolu’ya kadar uzanmaktadır. M.Ö. 3. Bin yıla tarihlenen belgelerin sayısı azdır. Hurrice tabletler çoğunlukla Suriye ve Türkiye topraklarından elde edilmiştir. Bunun dışında Irak ve Mısır’da (Mitanni Mektubu) az sayıda belge bulunduğu söylenmelidir. Hurrice tabletlerin açığa çıkarıldığı arşivler Larsa (?), Urkeš, Mari, Tuttul, Nagar, Emar, Ugarit, Akhetaten (Tell el Amarna), Tikunani, Hattuša, Šapinuwa ve Šamuha’dır. Bunlar arasında belge çokluğu nedeniyle Hattuša ve Šapinuwa en önde gelmektedir. Amarna’nın önemi ise en uzun Hurrice tabletin burada bulunmasından kaynaklanmasıdır. Adı geçen üç arşiv Hurri dilinin anlaşılması açısından da öne çıkmaktadır. Amarna Mektubu, Akadca metinler ile karşılaştırma imkânı vermesi, Hattuša çift dilli belgeleri ve Šapinuwa ise Hurrice’nin sözlük bilgisini geliştirmesi açısından önemlidir. Belgelerin içeriklerini dini, edebi, idari, tarihi ve okul metinleri olarak sınıflamak mümkündür. Dini metinler en ayrıntılı grubu oluşturmaktadır; bunlar arasında büyü ve arınma ritüelleri, tanrı listeleri, kehanet metinleri ve bir adak metni yer almaktadır. İdari metinler mektuplardan, bir adet arazi vergilendirme tabletinden ve şahıslara dağıtılacak arpa hisselerinin dökümünden oluşmaktadır. Edebi metinler arasında destanlar, bilgelik metinleri, bir müzik metni bulunmaktadır. Tarihi metinler için verilebilecek en güzel örnek Kayalıpınar (Sivas)’tan günümüze ulaşan bir askeri sefer kaydıdır. Okul metinleri ise Ugarit’te bulunan sözlüklerdir

Hurrian Documents from the Ancient Near East and Egypt: Their Findspots and Contents

Hurrian documents’ findspots, which their vast majority dating back to second half of the 2nd millennium B.C. extend from the Upper Habur Valley to the Mediterranean and Central Anatolia. The number of documents dating back to the 3rd millenium B.C. is fewer. Hurrian tablets were obtained mostly from Syria and Turkey. In addition, it should be said that there are few documents in Iraq and Egypt (Mitanni Letter). The archives in which Hurrian tablets were released are Larsa (?), Urkeš, Mari, Tuttul, Nagar, Emar, Ugarit, Akhetaten (Tell el Amarna), Tikunani, Hattuša, Šapinuwa and Šamuha. Among these, Hattuša and Šapinuwa are at the forefront due to the large number of documents. The importance of Amarna is that the longest Hurrian tablet is found here. The three archives mentioned also stand out in terms of understanding the Hurrian language. The Letter of Amarna is important for comparison with Akkadian texts, Hattuša bilingual documents, and Šapinuwa for the development of Hurrian vocabulary. The contents of the documents can be classified as religious, literary, administrative, historical and shcool texts. The religious texts constitute the most detailed group, involving sorcery and purification rituals, deity lists, prophetic texts and a sacrifice text. The administrative texts consist of letters, a taxation tablet and the record of barley shares to be distributed to individuals. The literary texts include epic tales, wisdom texts and a musical text (Ugarit). The most fitting example of the historical texts is the record of a military expedition originating from Kayalıpınar (Sivas). The school texts are lexicons found in Ugarit.

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