Kubad Abad ve Samsat kazılarında ortaya çıkarılan Anadolu Selçuklu dönemine ait bıçak, okucu, mızrak ucu, çivi ve demircilik faaliyetlerine ait buluntuların arkeometrik yöntemlerle incelenmesi sonucunda bu buluntuların üretim malzemeleri ve yöntemleri tespit edilmiştir. Buluntulardan alınan numunelerin mikroskobik ve kimyasal analizler ile incelenmesi bu dönemde demir alet üretiminde kullanılan demir - çelik ara ürünlerinin iki farklı teknolojik kökene sahip olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bunlardan ilki insanlık tarihinde ilk cevherden demir elde etme yöntemi olan doğrudan izabe yöntemi iken bu yöntemle elde edilmiş demir külçeler (luppeler) okucu, mızrak ucu, çivilerin tümünde ve bıçakların bazılarında üretim malzemesi olarak kullanılmıştır. Demir külçelerden dövülmüş Kubad Abad bıçak, okucu ve bazı çivi örneklerinde karbürleme, katmanlı kaynak gibi metalürjik işlemler ustalıkla uygulanarak ürün özellikleri geliştirilmiştir. Samsat okucu ve mızrak ucu örnekleri ise basit dövme ürünler olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Samsat'da ele geçmiş olan bir bıçak ve iki Kubad Abad örneğinde kökenleri Orta ve Güney Asya'ya uzanan bir teknoloji olan pota çeliği ürünü çelik külçelerin kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Anadolu'da ilk defa örnekleri tespit edilen bu üstün özellikli bıçakların ilk üretim sonrası yüzeylerinde su akışını andıran damask motiflerinin bulunduğu içyapılarına bakarak tahmin edilmektedir. Kubad Abad kazılarında "İşlik" adı verilen bölgede yoğun bir şekilde bulunan demirci cürufları, demirci başlangıç malzemeleri (saflaştırılmış luppeler) ve üretimi yarıda bırakılmış ürünlerin incelenmesi, burada döverek kaynak ve ince işçiliklerin yapıldığı bir demirci atölyesinin varlığını ortaya çıkarmıştır

As the result of archaeometric studies on knives, arrowheads, spearheads, nails and iron smithing finds belonging to Kubad Abad and Samsat, Anatolian Seljuks period, the production methods and materials of these finds have been revealed. The metallographic and chemical analysis show that the smiths' forging materials have got two different technological origins. The first one is the oldest iron production technique; direct production technique. The blooms which were produced with this technique, were used for forging arrowheads, spearheads, nails, and some of the knives. The properties of iron products from blooms were improved by implementation of some metallurgical techniques like carburization, quenching, tempering etc. The other source of iron is crucible steel technology which has got Central and Southern Asia origins. The strong evidences of crucible steel which was used to produce high quality knives and blades, were detected in Samsat knife and two other Kubad Abad knives. It is estimated from the special microstructure of the samples from these knives that they used to have damascene pattern on the surface. In Kubad Abad the intense archaeological evidences of iron forging related findings (scrap metals, iron smithing slags) are proofs of a blacksmith workshop at which not only bloom refining but also iron forging craft operations were done. STRUCTURED ABSTRACT In this study archaeological iron related finds from Kubad Abad, a medieval palace complex nearby the lake of Konya-Beysehir and Samsat, a fortress in the vicinity of Adiyaman, are analyzed by using archaeometry techniques. The types of analyzed finds, all of which are coming from excavations’ Anatolian Seljuks cultural layers dated around 13. century, are knives, arrowheads, spearheads, nails, luppe pieces and iron smithing slags. Metallographic, SEM-EDX and hardness analysis were done on the samples from knives, arrowheads, spearheads, nails, luppe pieces and XRD, ICP-MS, thin section analysis were applied on samples from slags. The results of the analysis gave important information about iron, steel semi-products used for forging iron tools, the production techniques of iron tools and working properties of iron smithing workshop in the period of Anatolian Seljuks. The analysis on iron objects revealed that there are two different types of semi-products used as the starting materials to forge the tools. Blooms coming from the direct production method, which is the oldest one to smelt iron bearing mines in human history, were the main starting forging materials for Anatolian Seljuks’ forgers. On the other hand, as a different technology, it is detected that three knives, two from Kubad Abad and one from Samsat, were produced from crucible steel. Crucible steel which is not an iron production technology but producing high quality steel by melting iron with other ingredients in crucibles, has got Anadolu Selçuklu Dönemi Demir Aletlerinin Üretim Yöntemleri 195 Turkish Studies International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 10/9 Summer 2015 roots in Central and Northern Asia. Therefore this result addresses Anatolian Seljuks as an enrichment period of Anatolia in the means of metallurgical technology. The analysis has uncovered different characters of smithing practices which can be explained according to the type of finds. The study shows that complex techniques and high quality materials were used in the production of knives. Two small scaled knives (KU No.07 and 11) which were found at the bath section of the main palace in Kubad Abad, were produced by hot-welding of steel layers or from piled steel. Medium carbon and low carbon steel materials were observed as alternative layers, which were forged in a way that the medium carbon layer stays in the middle as it forms the cutting side. In the microstructure the most interesting part is the zero carbon iron at the back of the knife most probably behaves as spine of the tool. The small amount of slag inclusions, except the welding sand, shows the use of well refined blooms in the production. From the microstructure the signs of quenching and tempering can be seen as well. As seen from martensite quenching was applied all body of the knife and hardness measurements show slight tempering to relieve some stress and decrease the brittleness. The microstructure of three knives (KU No.04, 14 and SA No.13) shows great distinctness when compared with samples from the Palace Bath. First of all the microstructures include almost no slag inclusions and they are homogenous. Secondly the high carbon content can be seen by the existence of pro-eutectic cementite. Cementites are in the forms of globule, aligning like chains in two samples (KU No.04, SA No.13) and broken groups of needles in the other one (KU No.14). The background is consisted of spheroidized perlite in all microstructures. The idea that these characteristic structures are belonging to crucible steel materials, is supported by chemical analysis of iron body and inclusions. While the average manganese percentages in the body of metals changes between 0.51- 2.02% which is too high for bloomery iron, the inclusions oxide content is consisted of iron oxide, manganese oxide and sulphides. The arrowheads from Kubad Abad which have got flat cross sections, were forged from parts of bloomery iron with no carbon. Following forging process carburization were practiced for hardening. In a few examples strong evidences of piled steel usage were observed in microstructures. The un-welded needle parts of the arrowheads which look like semi-circles in the metallographic sections, are used to provide the connection of metal piece to the wooden body. This might be a conscious practice to strengthen the join. Samsat’s arrowheads and spearheads which were classified with their weights since all of them have got same forms and rectangular cross-sections, were forged from bloomery iron with plenty of slag inclusions and heterogeneous carbon content. Carburization seems the only post-forging metallurgical process systematically applied on arrowheads. On the other hand no signs of carburization were observed in the microstructures of spearheads. Nails which were produced by forging from discarded iron pieces, shows microstructures with many slag inclusions and heterogeneous carbon content as expected. However the metallographic analysis on the 196 Ümit GÜDER – Alptekin YAVAŞ – Ünsal YALÇIN Turkish Studies International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 10/9 Summer 2015 samples from a nail suggest a special production. In this nail, as hardness measurements support, two different steel materials were forge-welded and twisted to have a tool with optimum hardness and flexibility. Therefore the idea that some nails for certain purposes were produced with special care, is reasonable. The workshops area at where certain production or repairing services were done for the needs of Kubad Abad palace, also includes an iron workshop as discarded false products, smithing slags and bloom pieces were found in archaeological soundings. Bloom pieces with high carbon regions gives the idea that these pieces are “crown” parts of the blooms which were discarded due to the difficulties in forging. Existence of “crown” materials shows that in the smithy not only pre-refined iron forging blocks were used but also bloomery furnace products were refined. Variety in the types of smithing slags is also an evidence of different forging operations of the smithy. Besides plano-convex bottom smithing slags which are the most frequent types of smithing slag finds, lumpy slag finds are the signs of the smithing hearth operated at high temperatures like hot-welding. Since the slag finds are not in high numbers, but the metal finds are, most probably the other slags were discarded somewhere where has not been discovered yet.