Ardalan Jalal MAJEED, HÜSEYİN DİKİCİ, ÖMER FARUK DEMİR

Effect of Biochar and Nitrogen Applications on Growth of Corn (Zea mays L.) Plants

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of three different biochars (Pin, Poplar, and Oak biochars), four different biochar doses (0, 1, 2, and 4%), and four different nitrogen rates (0, 70, 140, and 210 mg kg-1) on soil fertility, growth, and nutrient uptake of corn plants. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, and corn (Zea mays L.) was used as the test plant. The biochar types, biochar doses, and nitrogen rates significantly affected many soil and plant parameters. The highest leaf dry matter yield was obtained with a combination of the poplar biochar, 4% biochar dose, and 140 mg kg-1 N application.

PDF

___

Anonymous.2010. Biochar Fact Sheet [Online Accessed3/4/2010]URL:http://www.csiro.au/resources/Bioc har-Factsheet.html.

Asai H, Samson BK, Stephan HM, Songyikhangsuthor K, Homma K, Kiyono Y, Inoue Y, Shiraiwa T, Horie T. 2009.

Biochar Amendment Techniques for Upland Rice Production in Northern Laos: 1. Soil Physical Properties, Leaf SPAD and Grain Yield. Field Crop Res, 111: 81–84.

Blackwell P, Riethmuller G, Collins M. 2009. Biochar Application to Soil (Chapter 12). In: Lehmann, J., Joseph, S. (Eds.), Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology. Earthscan, London, UK, p. 207-226.

Bremner JM, 1996. Nitrogen Total. In D.L. Sparks (Eds) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3, Chemical Methods, SSSA Book Series Number 5, SSSA., Madison,WI, p:1085–112.

Cao T, Chen FW, Meng J. 2018. Influence of pyrolysis temperature and residence time on available nutrients for biochars derived from various biomass, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, DOI: 10.1080/15567036.2016.1225137

Chan KY, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S. 2007. Agronomic Values of Greenwaste Biochar as a Soil Amendment. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 45 (8): 629-634.

Edmunds CW. 2012. The Effects of Biochar Amendment to Soil on Bioenergy Crop Yield and Biomass Composition. Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1150.

Gaskin JW, Speir RA, Harris K, Das KC, Lee RD, Morris LA, Fisher DS. 2010. Effect of Peanut Hull and Pine Chip Biochar on Soil Nutrients, Corn Nutrient Status, and Yield. Agronomy Journal, 102 (2): 623-633.

Glaser B, Lehmann J, Zech W. 2002. Ameliorating Physical and Chemical Properties of Highly Weathered Soils in the Tropics with Charcoal. A Review, Biology and Fertility of Soils, 35: 219-230.

Helmke PA, Sparks DL. 1996. Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, and Calcium. In Sparks, D.L., (Eds). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3, Chemical Methods, SSSA Book Series Number 5, SSSA., Madison,WI, P:551–574.

Hoshi T. 2001. Growth Promotion of Tea Trees by Putting Bamboo Charcoal in Soil.In Proceedings of 2001 International Conference on O-cha (Tea) Culture and Science, Tokyo, Japan, pp:147-150.

Iswaran V, Jauhri KS, Sen A.1980. Effect of charcoal, coal and peat on the yield of moog, soybean and pea. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol 12, pp191–192

Jones JBJr, Case VW. 1990. Sampling, Handling, and Analyzing Plant Tissue Samples. In R.L. Westerman, (Eds), Soil Testing and Plant Analysis, 3rd ed., SSSA Book Series Number 3, SSSA., Madison, WI, 389–427.

Kuo S. 1996. Phosphorus. In D.L. Sparks (Ed) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3, Chemical Methods, SSSA Book Series Number 5, SSSA., Madison,WI, pp: 869– 921.

Lehmann J, da Silva Jr JP, Steiner C, Nehls T, Zech W, Glaser B. 2003. Nutrient Availability and Leaching in an Archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: Fertilizer, Manure and Charcoal Amendments. Plant and Soil, 249: 343 357.

Lehmann J, Rondon M. 2006. Biochar Soil Management on Highly Weathered Soils in the Humid Tropics. In: N.Uphoff (Eds). Biological Approaches to Sustainable Soil Systems, pp :517-529.

Lehmann J, Gaunt J, Rondon M. 2006. Biochar Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems - A Review. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11: 403-427.

Lehmann J. 2007. Bio-Energy in the Black. Concepts and Questions. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5 (7): 381–387.

Liang X-Q, Ji Y-J, He M-M, Su M-M, Liu C, and Tian G-M. 2014. Simple N Balance Assessment for Optimizing the Biochar Amendment Level in Paddy Soils, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 45:9, 1247-1258, DOI:10.1080/00103624.2013.875192

Lindsay WL, Norvell WA. 1978. Development of a DTPA Micronutrient Soil Test for Zinc, Iron, Manganese, and Copper. SSSA. Journal, 42:421–428.

Loeppert RH, Suarez DL. 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. 437– 475.In D.L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Methods of soil analysis: Part 3—Chemical methods. SSSA Book Ser. No. 5. SSSA and ASA, Madison, WI.

Manolikaki I, and Diamadopoulos E. 2017. Ryegrass yield and nutrient status after biochar application in two Mediterranean soils, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 63:8, 1093-1107, DOI: 10.1080/03650340. 2016.1267341

Major J, Rondon M, Molina D, Riha SJ, Lehmann J. 2010. Maize Yield and Nutrition During 4 Years After Biochar Application to a Colombian Savanna Oxisol. Plant and Soil, 333 (1-2): 117-128.

Mikan CJ, Abrams MD. 1995. Altered Forest Composition and Soil Properties of Historic Charcoal Hearths in Southeastern Pennsylrania, Con. J. For. Res 25: 687-696.

Naeem MA, Khalid M, Ahmad Z, and Naveed M. 2016. Low Pyrolysis Temperature Biochar Improves Growth and Nutrient Availability of Maize on Typic Calciargid, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 47:1, 41-51, DOI: 10.1080/00103624.2015.1104340

Nelson DW, Sommers LE. 1996. Total Carbon, Organic Carbon, and Organic Matter. In D.L. Sparks (Eds) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3, Chemical Methods, SSSA Book Series Number 5, SSSA., Madison, WI, P: 961 1011.

Rhoades JD. 1996. Salinity: electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In D.L. Sparks (Eds) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3. Chemical Methods, SSSA Book Series no. 5. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, USA

Rondon MA, Lehmann J, Ramirez J, Hurtado M. 2007. Biological NitrogenFixation by Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Increases with BiocharAdditions.Biology and Fertility of Soils, 43: 699-708.

Spokas K, Koskinen W, Baker J, Reicosky D. 2009. Impacts of Woodchip Biochar Additions on Greenhouse Gas Production and Sorption/Degradation of Two Herbicides in a Minnesota soil. Chemosphere, 77: 574–581.

Steiner C, Glaser B, Teixeira WG, Lehmann J, Blum WEH, Zech W. 2008. Nitrogen Retention and Plant Uptake on a Highly Weathered Central Amazonian Ferralsol Amended with Compost and Charcoal. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 171: 893-899.

Thomas GW. 1996. Soil pH and Soil Acidity. In D.L. Sparks (Eds) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3.Chemical Methods- SSSA Book Series No 5. Soil Science Society of America and ASA, 677 Segoe Rd., Madison, WI, USA.p. 475-490.

Tryon EH. 1948. Effect of Charcoal on Certain Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Forest Soils. Ecol Monogr, 18: 81–115.

Van Zwieten L, Singh B, Joseph S, Kimber S, Cowie A, Chan KY. 2009. Biochar and Emissions of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gasses from Soil. In Lehmann, J., and Joseph, S. (Eds), Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology., Earthscan, London, pp: 227-249.

Van Zwieten L, Kimber S, Downie A, Morris S, Petty S, Rust J, Chan KY. 2010. A Glasshouse Study on the Interaction of Low Mineral Ash Biochar With Nitrogen in a Sandy Soil. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 48(7): 569-576.

Yamato M, Okimori Y, Wibowo IF, Anshori S, Ogawa M. 2006. Effects of the Application of Charred Bark of Acacia Mangium on the Yield of Maize, Cowpea and Peanut,and Soil Chemical Properties in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 52: 489-495