Effects of long-term continuous cropping of sunflower on K Forms in calcareous soils of Western Azerbaijan province Iran

Ayçiçeği tarımı altındaki toprakların potasyum formları ve kil minerali bilesimleri bu topraklara bitisik bulunan kültüre alınmamıs topraklarla karsılastırılmıstır. Bu amaçla, uzun yıllardır ayçiçeği tarımı yapılan Đran’ın Batı Azerbaycan bölgesinde 10 toprak serisinden alınan 40 yüzey toprak örneğinde K formları ve K adsorpsiyon özellikleri belirlenmistir. Toprak örneklerinin fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri, kil fraksiyonunun minerolojisi, potasyumun farklı formları ve adsorpsiyon özellikleri analiz edilmistir. Topraklar alkalin ve kireçli yapıdadır. Tipik Xerocrepts, Tipik Xerofluvents ve Fluventic Xerocrepts olan topraklarda sırasıyla dominant kil tipleri, illit, illit-smektit ve klorit-kaolinit olarak saptanmıstır. K-içeren minerallerde (illit) ürün yetistirme ve K azalmasından dolayı bir değisim belirlenmemistir. islenen toprakların toprak çözeltisinde bulunan K’un (So-K) % 1.65’i değisebilir K (Ex-K) ve %4.35’i değismeyen K (NEx-K) K’dan olusurken, islenmeyen bitisik topraklarda ise %2.54’ü değisebilir K (Ex-K) ve 4.35’i değismeyen K (NEx-K) K’dan olusmaktadır. Fluventic Xerocrepts, Typic Xerofluvents(P≤0.01) toprak serilerinde sırasıyla değisebilir K kapsamlarında 464' den 241 mg $kg^ {-1}$’a (ort.% 48), 488’den 264 mg $kg^ {-1}$’a (ort.%46), ye önemli azalmalar olduğu gözlenmistir. Uzun yıllar ayçiçeği tarımı yapılan toprakların Fluventic Xerocrepts serisinde ki değisemeyen K kapsamında önemli değisim (P≤0.05) olmustur, hâlbuki diğer serilerde herhangi bir değisim belirlenmemistir. Değisemeyen K (NEx-K) ve illit kapsamları arasında, önemli pozitif bir iliski ($r^ 2$ = 0.70, P≤0.01) belirlenmistir ve bu K formunu çoğunlukla illitin yıpranmıs kenarlarından salındığını gösterir. Eslestirilmis t-testi ile Fluventic Xerocrepts ve Typic xerofluvents’lerde sürekli ayçiçeği tarımının K adsorpsiyonunu önemli derecede arttırdığı değisebilir K miktarını ise azalttığı ortaya konmustur (P≤0.01).

İran’ın Batı Azerbaycan bölgesi kireçli Topraklarında sürekli Ayçiçeği yetistirilmesinin potasyum formlarına etkisi

Potassium forms and clay mineral composition of soils under sunflower cropping were compared to those adjacent virgin soils. For this purpose forty surface soil samples belonging to 10 soil series in Western Azerbaijan province, Iran were selected to determine the changes in K forms and K adsorption behaviour of the cultivated soils after longterm cropping. The samples were analyzed for soil physical and chemical properties, mineralogy of clay fraction, different forms of K, and K adsorption characteristics. The soils studied were alkaline and calcareous. Illite, illitesmectite and chlorite- kaolinite were the dominant clay minerals in Typic Xerocrepts, Typic Xerofluventsand Fluventic Xerocrepts, respectively. No changes in K-bearing minerals (illite) were detected due to cropping and K depletion. Soil solution K (So-K) constituted 1.65% of exchangeable K (Ex-K) and 4.35 % of non-exchangeable (NEx-K) for the cultivated soils and 2.54 % of Ex-K and 4.35 % of NEx-K for the adjacent virgin land. Significant declines in Ex-K content from 464 to 241 mg $kg^ {-1}$ (48 %, on average), from 488 to 264 mg $kg^ {-1}$ (46%, on average), were observed for Fluventic Xerocrepts and Typic Xerofluvents(P ≤ 0.01) soil series, respectively. Significant changes in the NEx-K content were observed after long-term cropping of sunflowers in Fluventic Xerocrepts (P≤0.05) but no changes in Typic Xerofluventsand Typic Xerocrepts of the soils. A highly significant positive relationship ($r^ 2$ = 0.70, P≤0.01) was observed between NEx-K and illite contents, indicating that this form of K is mainly released from the frayed edges of illite. Paired t-test revealed that in Fluventic Xerocrepts and Typic xerofluvents, K adsorption significantly was increased (P≤0.01) and exchangeable K was decreased as a result of exhausting cropping of sunflower.

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