Türkçede varoluşsal olumsuzluk: İşlevsel bir yaklaşım

Dillerde görülen varoluşsal olumsuzluk, ögesi “varoluşsal olumsuzluk ögesi” olarak adlandırılan ve “yokluk”, “yoksunluk”, “var olmama”, “fakir”, “boş”, “ölü” durumlarını anlatmayı sağlayan bir olumsuzluk türüdür. Varoluşsal olumsuzluk ögeleri genellikle ortak morfolojik, sentaktik ve semantik tipolojilerde kullanılır. Türkçede varouşsal olumsuzluk, “kesin yokluk/ varolmama” olarak tanımlanan bağımsız biçimbirim yok ile gerçekleştirilmektedir. Yok, standard olumsuzluktan farklı, olumsuzluk içerikli ayrı bir leksikal öge olarak temel varouşsal olumsuzluk ögesidir. “Kesin yokluk/ varolmama” anlamıyla oldukça güçlü bir olumsuzluk ögesi olduğundan varoluşsal olumsuzluk, sahiplik olumsuzluğu, pekiştirilmiş olumsuzluk, standard olumsuzluk, kısa cevap “hayır”, yasaklama ve çift olumsuzluk gibi farklı pozisyonlarda kullanılabilmektedir. Yok’a ek olarak, “yoksunluk” anlamıyla bağımlı biçimbirim -sXz, varoluşsal olumsuzlukta varolmamayı ima ederek kullanılır. Ayrıca genel reddetme ögesi değil, varoluşsal olumsuzukta önesürülen varoluş durumunu reddetme yoluyla varoluşsal olumsuzluğu ima ederek kullanılır.

Existential negation in Turkish: A functional approach

Existential negation is the one type of negation present in languages, which its item is called “negative existential”,and it provides to tell the case of “absence”, “lack”, “there is not”, “poor”, “empty”, “dead” etc. Negativeexistentials are generally used for the common similarity of a structure as morphological, syntactic and semantictypologies. In Turkish, existential negation occurs with the independent morpheme yok, which is defined as“absolute absence/non-existence”. Yok is the main negative existential that is different from the standard negationand it is a separate lexical item with negative content. Since it is a powerful negator with its “absolute absence/nonexistence” meaning, it can be used in different positions, such as existential negation, possessive negation,emphatic negation, standard negation, short answer “no”, prohibition or double negation. In addition to yok, thebound morpheme -sXz is used with “without/lack” meaning in existential negation by implying the non-existencecase. Besides, general rejection item değil, which means “is not”, is used in existential negation, which implies thenon-existentiality by rejecting the existence case that is presupposed.© 2020 JLLS and the Authors - Published by JLLS.

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