Can Sıkıntısının Doğası

Can sıkıntısı oldukça yaygın bir deneyimdir ve şimdiye kadar pek çok psikolojik, sosyal, akademik, çalışma hayatı ve kişilerarası problemlerle ilişkilendirilmektedir. Can sıkıntısı, oldukça karmaşık ve çok boyutlu bir kavram olup tarih boyunca, farklı paradigmalarda farklı türde kavramsallaştırılmıştır. Ancak modern psikoloji literatüründe, bazı kuramcılar, can sıkıntısını, ilgi duymanın tersi ve düşük uyarılma ya da monoton durumların sonucu olarak hissedilen olumsuz bir duygulanım olarak tanımlarken (Mikulas & Vodanovich 1993), bazı kuramcılar bir tür kişilik ya da bireysel bir özellik/treyt ya da dizpozisyon olarak tariflemektedir (Farmer & Sundberg 1986; Vodanovich et al.1991). Aynı zamanda, bilişsel, davranışsal ve psikofizyolojik bileşenler ile son zamanlarda bazı kişilik özellikleri, can sıkıntısı ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Can sıkıntısı, psikoterapötik süreç içerisinde ilişkinin kalitesini etkileyebilir ve uygun ele alınmazsa erken bırakılmalara yol açabilir. Bu çalışmadaki amaç, yakın zamanlardaki çalışmaları da göz önünde bulundurarak, can sıkıntısının bileşenleri ve ilgili değişkenleri gözden geçirmektir.

On The Nature of Boredom

Boredom is very common experience and has to date been accompanied by numerous negativepsychological, social, academic, occupational and interpersonal problems. Boredom which is a highlycomplex and multidimensional concept has been conceptualized differently within different paradigmsthroughout the ages. However, in modern psychology literature, some theorists define it as the oppositefeeling to interest and an aversive negative feeling derived from low arousal or from monotonoussituational factors (Mikulas &Vodanovich 1993); while some theorists define it as a personality trait or adisposition- proneness to boredom- which refers to the fact that some individuals tend to experiencegreater boredom than others (Farmer & Sundberg 1986; Vodanovich, Verner, & Gilbride 1991). There arealso cognitive, behavioral and psychophysiological components of boredom and recently some individualor personality factors have been found to be associated with boredom. Boredom could also influence thequality of rapport in the psychotherapeutic process and could lead to early termination if it has not beenseriously treated. The aim of this paper is to provide a general review of the components and correlates ofboredom on the basis of recent studies.

PDF

___

Anshel M. H. (1991). “A Survey of Elite Athletes on the Perceived Causes of Using Banned Drugs in Sport”. Journal of Sport Behavior 14 (1991) 283-310.
Barnett L. A. & Klitzing S. W. (2006). “Boredom in Free Time: Relationships with Personality, Affect, and Motivation for Different Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Students Groups”. Leisure Sciences 28 (2006) 223-244.
Blunt A. & Pychyl A. (1998). “Volitional Action and Inaction in the Lives of Undergraduate Students: Statorientation, Procrastinationa and Proneness to Boredom”. Personality and Individual Differences 24/6 (1998) 837-846. Doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00018-X.
Britton A. & Shipley M. J. (2010). “Bored to Death?”. International Journal of Epidemiology 39/2 (2010) 370-371.
Conroy R. M., Golden J., Jeffares I., O’Neil D. & McGee H. (2010). “Boredom-Proneness, Loneliness, Social Engagement and Depression and Their Association with Cognitive Function in Older People: A Population Study”. Psychology, Health & Medicine 15/4 (2010) 463-473.
Conti R. (2001). “Time Flies: Investigating the Connection Between Intrinsic Motivation and the Experience of Time”. Journal of Personality 69/1 (2001) 1-26.
Csikszentmihalyi M. (1975). “Play and Intrinsic Rewards”. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 15 (1975) 41-63.
Csikszentmihalyi M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Performance. New York 1990.
Culp N. A. (2006). “The Relations of Two Facets of Boredom Proneness with the Major Dimensions of Personality”. Personality and Individual Differences 41 (2006) 999-1007.
Dahlen E. R., Martin R. C., Ragan K. & Kuhlman M. M. (2004). “Boredom Proneness in Anger and Aggression: Effects of İmpulsiveness and Sensation Seeking”. Personality and Individual Differences 37/8 (2004) 1615-1627.
Dahlen E. R., Martin R. C., Ragan K. & Kuhlman M. M. (2005). “Driving Anger, Sensation Seeking, Impulsiveness, and Boredom Proneness in the Prediction of Unsafe Driving”. Accident Analysis & Prevention 37/2 (2005) 341-348.
Dahlen E. R. & White R. P. (2006). “The Big Five Factors, Sensation Seeking, and Driving Anger in the Prediction of Unsafe Driving”. Personality and Individual Differences 41/5 (2006) 903-915.
Damrad-Fyre R. & Laird J. D. (1989). “The Experience of Boredom: The Role of the Self Perception of Attention”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57/2 (1989) 315-320.
Danckert J. A. & Allman A. A. A. (2005). “Time Flies When You’re Having Fun: Temporal Estimation and the Experience of Boredom”. Brain and Cognition 59 (2005) 236-245.
Eastwood J. D., Frischen A., Fenske M. J. & Smilek D. (2012). “The Unengaged Mind Defining Boredom in Terms of Attention”. Perspectives on Psychological Science 7/5 (2012) 482-495.
Eastwood J. D., Cavaliere C., Fahlman S. A., & Eastwood A. E. (2007) “A Desire for Desires: Boredom and its Relation to Alexithymia”. Personality and Individual Differences 42 (2007) 1035-1045.
Farmer R. & Sundberg N. D. (1986). “Boredom Proneness the Development and Correlates of a New Scale”. Journal of Personality Assessment 50 (1986) 4-17.
Fisher C. D. (1993). “Boredom at Work: A Neglected Concept”. Human Relations 46/3 (1993) 395- 417. Frijda N. H. (1986). The Emotions. Cambridge 1986.
Garcia D. (2011). “Two Models of Personality and Well-Being Among Adolescents”. Personality and Individual Differences 50/8 (2011) 1208-1212.
Harasymchuk C. & Fehr B. (2010). “A Script Analysis of Relational Boredom: Causes, Feelings, and Coping Strategies”. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 29/9 (2010) 988-1019.
Harris M. B. (2000). “Correlates and Characteristics of Boredom Proneness and Boredom”. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30 (2000) 576-598.
Heidegger M. (1995). The Fundamental Concept of Metaphysics: World, Finitude, Solitude. Bloomington 1995.
Hermens D. F., Williams L. M., Lazzaro I., Whitmont S., Melkonian D. & Gordo, E. (2004). “Sex Differences in Adult ADHD: a Double Dissociation in Brain Activity and Autonomic Arousal”. Biological Psychology 66/3 (2004) 221-233.
Hill A. B., & Perkins R. E. (1985). “Towards a Model of Boredom”. British Journal of Psychology 76 (1985) 235-240.
Iso-Ahola S. E. & Crowley E. D. (1991). “Adolescent Substance Abuse and Leisure Boredom”. Journal of Leisure Research 23/3 (1991) 260-271.
Jiang Y., Lianekhammy J., Lawson A., Guo C., Lynam D., Joseph J. E., Gold B. T. & Kelly T. H. (2009). “Brain Responses to Repeated Visual Experience Among Low and High Sensation Seekers: Role of Boredom Susceptibility”. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 173/2 (2009) 100-106.
Kass S. J., Vodanovich S. J. & Callender A. (2001). “State-Trait Boredom: Relationship to Absenteeism, Tenure, and Job Satisfaction”. Journal of Business and Psychology 16/2 (2001) 317-327.
Kelly W. E. (2002). “Some Evidences for Nonpathological and Pathological Worry as Separate Constructs: an Investigation of Worry and Boredom”. Personality and Individual Differences 33 (2002) 345-354.
Komarraju M., Karau S. J. & Schmeck R. R. (2009). “Role of the Big Five Personality Traits in Predicting College Students' Academic Motivation and Achievement”. Learning and Individual Differences 19/1 (2009) 47-52.
Leon I., & Hernandez J. A. (1998). “Testing the Role of Attribution and Appraisal in Predicting Own and Other’s Emotions”. Cognition and Emotion 12/1 (1998) 27-43.
Malkovsky E., Merrifield C., Goldberg Y. & Danckert J. (2012). “Exploring the Relationship Between Boredom and Sustained Attention”. Experimental Brain Research 221/1 (2012) 59-67.
Mann S. & Robinson A. (2009). “Boredom in the Lecture Theatre: An Investigation into the Contributors, Moderators, and Outcomes of Boredom Amongst University Students”. British Educational Research Journal 35/2 (2009) 243-258.
Mansikka J. E. (2009). “Can Boredom Educate Us? Tracing a Mood in Heidegger’s Fundamental Ontology from an Educational Point of View”. Studies in Philosophy and Education 28/3 (2009) 255-268.
Martin M., Sadlo, G. & Stew G. (2006). “The Phenomenon of Boredom”. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3/3 (2006) 193-211.
McCrae R. R. & John O. (1992). “An Introduction to the Five-Factor Model and its Applications”. Journal of Personality 60 (1992) 175-215.
Merrifield C. & Danckert J. (2014). “Characterizing the Psychophysiological Signature of Boredom”. Experimental Brain Research 232/2 (2014) 481-491.
Mikulas W. L. & Vodanovich S. J. (1993). “The Essence of Boredom”. The Psychological Record 43 (1993) 3-12.
Morrant J. C. (1984). “Boredom in Psychiatric Practice”. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie 29/5 (1984) 431-434.
Newberry A. L. & Duncan R. D. (2001). “Roles of Boredom and Life Goals in Juvenile Delinquency”. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 31/3 (2001) 527-541.
Pattyn N., Neyt X., Henderickx D. & Soetens E. (2008). “Psychophysiological Investigation of Vigilance Decrement: Boredom or Cognitive Fatigue?”. Physiology & Behavior 93/1 (2008) 369-378.
Preckel F., Götz, T. & Frenzel A. (2010). “Abiltity Grouping of Gifted Students: Effects on Academic Self- Concept and Boredom”. British Journal of Educational Psychology 80 (2010) 451-472.
Rupp D. E. & Vodanovich S. J. (1997). “The Role of Boredom Proneness in Self-Reported Anger and Aggression”. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 12/4 (1997) 925-936.
Sawin D. A. & Scerbo M. W. (1995). “Effects of Instruction Type and Boredom Proneness in Vigilance: Implications for Boredom and Workload”. Human Factors 37 (1995) 752-765.
Sommers, J., & Vodanovich, S. J. (2000). “Boredom Proneness: Its Relationship to Psychological-and Physical-Health Symptoms”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 56/1 (2000) 149-155.
Taylor G. J. (1984). “Psychotherapy with the Boring Patient”. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie 29/3 (1984) 217-222.
Von Gemmingen M. J., Sullivan B. F. & Pomerantz A. M. (2003). “Investigating the Relationship Between Boredom Proneness, Paranoia, and Self-Consciousness”. Personality and Individual Differences 34 (2003) 907-919.
Vodanovich S. J. (2003). “Psychometric Measures of Boredom: A Review of the Literature”. The Journal of Psychology 137/6 (2003) 569-595.
Vodanovich S. J. & Rupp D. E. (1999). “Are Procrastinators Prone to Boredom?”. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal 27/1 (1999) 11-16. Doi: 10.2224/sbp.1999.27.1.11
Vodanovich S. J., Verner K. M. & Gilbride T. V. (1991). “Boredom Proneness: Its Relationship to Positive and Negative Affect”. Psychological Reports 69 (1991) 1139-1146.
Vodanovich S. J. & Watt J. D. (1999). “The Relationship Between Time Structure and Boredom Proneness: An Investigation Within Two Cultures”. The Journal of Social Psychology 139/2 (1999) 143-152.
Watt J. D. & Vodanovich S. J. (1999). “Boredom Proneness and Psychosocial Development”. The Journal of Psychology 133/3 (1999) 303-314.
Wink P. & Donahue K. (1997). “The Relation Between Two Types of Narcissism and Boredom”. Journal of Research in Personality 31 (1997) 136-140.
Zuckerman M. (1979). Sensation Seeking: Beyond the Optimal Level of Arousal. New Jersey 1979.