Lignoselulozik Materyallerden Ksilitol Üretimi ve Kullanım Alanları

Ksilitol doğada yaygın olarak bulunan, tatlılığı sukroza eşit, beş karbonlu bir şeker alkoldur. Sukrozun tersine diş çürümelerine neden olmaz ve insan vücudunda insülinden bağımsız olarak metabolize olduğundan, şeker hastalarının tüketebileceği doğal bir tatlandırıcıdır. Ksilitolün pek çok faydasına rağmen, gıdalarda kullanımı sınırlıdır. Ksiltolün, gıdalarda yaygın olarak kullanılması, düşük maliyetli üretim yöntemleri ile üretilmesine bağlıdır. Türkiye'de büyük oranda bulunan ve önemli bir ekonomik değeri olmayan, lignoselülozik materyalle bakımından zengin tarımsal atıklar,ksilitol üretimi için ideal bir kaynaktır. Ksilitol, ticari olarak hemiselülozik hidrolizattan elde edilen ksilozun, katalitik hidrojenasyona dayanan kimyasal işlemlerle üretilmektedir. Bu oldukça pahalı bir yöntem olup, yoğun bir saflaştırma işlemine ihtiyaç duymaktadır ve dolayısıyla son ürünün maliyetini de artırmaktadır. Ksilitol üretiminde daha basit, spesifik ve düşük enerji girdisine sahip olmasından dolayı, daha ekonomik bir alternatif olan biyoteknolojik yöntemlerle de üretilebilir. Bu derleme kapsamında ksilitolun üretim yöntemleri, sağlık ve gıda açısından önemleri ile kullanım alanları hakkında bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır

Xylitol Production from Lignocellulosic Materials and Its Application Areas

Xylitol is a five carbon sugar alcohol, equivalent to sucrose in sweetness and occurs widely in nature. Unlike sucrose, it is anticariogenic, natural sweetener and can be consumed by diabetics because it is metabolized by an insulinindependent pathway. Despite many advantages of xylitol, the use of xylitol as sweetener is limited. Widespread use of xylitol depends on the method that lower the production cost of it. The agricultural waste which is rich in lignocellulosic materials is an ideal source for the production of xylitol. Commercially, xylitol is produced by a chemical process based on the catalytic hydrogenation of xylose, a high-cost method that requires extensive xylose purification steps and results in a relatively expensive final product. Alternatively, the biotechnological method has been considered as a more economical alternative for xylitol production, since it is a simple process with great substrate specificity and low energy requirements. The objective of this study is to present information about importance of xylitol for health and food, their production methods and application areas

PDF

___

Aminoff, C., Vanninen, E., Doty, T.E., 1978. The occurrence, manufacture and properties of xylitol, Xylitol. Applied Science Publishers, London, 1-9p.
Zacharis, C., 2012 Xylitol, Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, UK.
Pepper, T., Olinger, P. M., 1988. Xylitol in sugar-free confections. Food Technol. 10: 98-106.
Bässler, K.H., 1978. Biochemistry of xylitol, Xylitol,. Applied Science Publishers, London, 35-41p.
de Albuquerquea, T. L, da Silva Jr., I., J., de Macedob, Biotechnological lignocellulosic Biochemistry 49: 1779-1789 M.V.P., 2014. from of review. wastes: A Process
http://turkish.alibaba.com, Şubat 2015
Affleck, R.P., 2000. Recovery of xylitol from fermentation of model hemicellulose hydrolyzates using membrane technology. MSc thesis, Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
Olinger, P.M., Pepper, T., 2001. Xylitol. Alternative Sweetener, Marcel Decker, New York.
Parajo, J.C., Dominguez, H., Dominguez, J.M., 1998a. Biotechnological production of xylitol. Part 1: Interest of xylitol and Fundamentals of its biosynthesis. Bioresource Technology 65: 191-201.
Natah, S.S., Hussien, K.R., Tuominen, J.A., Koivisto, V.A., 1997. Metabolic response to lactitol and xylitol in healthy men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65: 947-950.
Hämäläinen, M.M., Mäkinen, K.K., Parviainen, M.T., Koskinen, T., 1985. Peroral xylitol increases intestinal independently of vitamin D action. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 11: 178-181. in the rat
Mattila, P.T., 1999. Dietary xylitol in the prevention of experimental osteoporosis: Beneficial effects on bone resorption, structure and biomechanics. Dissertation, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu.
Toors, F.A., 1992. Chewing gum and dental health - literature review. Revue Belge de Medecine Dentaire 47: 67-92.
Vadeboncoeur, C., Trahan, L., Mouton, C., Mayrand, D., 1983. Effect of xylitol on the growth and glycolysis of acidogenic oral bacteria. J. Dent. Res. 62: 882-884.
Trahan, L., 1995. Xylitol: a review of its action on mutans streptococci and dental plaque--its clinical significance. Int. Dent. J. 45: 77-92.
Uhari, M., Kontiokari, T., Koskela, M., Niemela, M., 1996. Xylitol chewing gum in prevention of acute otitis media: double blind randomized trial. British Medical Journal 313: 1180-1184.
Wright, R.A., Krinsky, S., Fleeman, C., Trujillo, J., Teague, E., 1983. Gastric emptying and obesity. Gastroenterol. 84: 747-51.
Shafer, R.B., Levine, A.S., Marlette, J.M., Morley, J.E., 1985. Do calories, osmolality or calcium determine gastric emptying? Am. J Physiol. 248: 479-83.
Beutler, H.O., 1984. Xylitol. Methods of enzymatic analysis, 3rd Weinheim: Verlag Chemie, 484-490p.
Aguirre-Zero, O., D.T. Zero, H.M. Proskin., 1993. Effect of Chewing xylitol chewing gum on salivary flow rate and the acidogenic potential of dental plaque. Caries Research 27: 55-59.
Winkelhausen, E., Kuzmanova, S., 1998. Microbial conversion of d-xylose to xylitol. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 86: 1-14.
Hyvönen, L., Koivistoinen, P., Voirol, F. 1982. Advances in Food Research, Academic Pres, New York, 373-403p.
Parajo, J.C., Dominguez, H. ve Dominguez, J.M., 1998c. Biotechnological production of xylitol. Part 3: Operatıon lignocellulose Technology 66: 25-40. medıa made from hydrolysates. Bioresource
Artık, N., Velioğlu, S., Kavalcı, B., 1993. Şeker alkollerden ksilitol; özellikleri, üretimi ve gıdalarda kullanımı. Gıda 18(2): 101-103.
Melaja, A. & Hämälainen, L., 1977. Process for the simultaneous production of xylitol and ethanol. US Patent US:4,008,285.
Amaral-Collaço, M.T., Girio, F.M., Peito, M.A., 1989. Enzyme Systems for Lignocellulosic Degradation, Elsevier, London, 221-230p.
Cirino, P.C., Chin, J.W., Ingram, L.O., 2006. Engineering Escherichia coli for xylitol production from glucose-xylose mixtures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 95: 1167-1176.
Povelainen M, Miasnikov AN., 2010. Production of xylitol by metabolically engineered strains of Bacillus subtilis. J Biotechnol. 128: 24-31.
Sasaki, M., Jojima, T., Inui, M., Yukawa, H., 2010. Xylitol production by recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum under oxygen deprivation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 86: 1057-1066.
Berghäll, S., Hilditch, S., Penttilä, M., Richard P., 2007. Identification in the mould Hypocreajecorina of a gene encoding an NADP(+): d-xylose dehydrogenase. FEMS Micro-biol Lett. 277: 249- 53.
Dashtban, M., Kepka, G., Seiboth, B., Qin, W., 2013. Xylitol production by genetically engineered Trichoderma reesei strains using barley straw as feedstock. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 169: 554- 569.
du Preez, J.C., 1994. Process parameters and environmental fermentation by yeasts. Enzyme Microbiology Technology 16: 944-956. affecting D-xylose
Jeffries, T.W., Kurtzman, C.P., 1994. Strain selection, taxonomy, and genetics of xylose- fermenting Technology 16: 922-932. Enzyme Microbiology
Hallborn, J., Walfridsoon, M., Airaksinen, U., Ojamo, H., Hahn-Hägerdal, B., Penttilä, M., Keränen, S., 1991. Xylitol production by recombinant Biotechnology 9: 1090-1095. cerevisiae.
Saraçoğlu, N., Çavuşoğlu, H., 1998. Fermentative performance of Candida tropicalis Kuen 1022 yeast for D-xylose and sunflower seed hull hydrolysate in xylitol production. J. Eng. Environ. Sci. 23: 433-438.
Faveri, D.D., Torre, P., Perego, P., Converti, A., 2004. Statistical investigation on the effects of starting xylose concentration and oxygen mass flowrate on xylitol production from rice straw hydrolyzate by response surface methodology. J. Food Eng. 65: 383-389.
Ding, X., Xia, L., 2005. Effect of aeration rate on production of xylitol from conrcop hemicellulose hydrolysate. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 133: 263- 270.
Rao, S.R., Jyothi, C.P., Prakasham, R.S., Sarma, P.N., Rao, L.V., 2006. Xylitol production from corn fiber and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate by Candida tropicallis. Bioresource Technol. 97: 1974- 1978.
Canilha, L., Carvalho, W., Batista, J., Silva, A.E., 2006. Xylitol bioproduction from wheat straw: hemicellulose fermentation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 86: 1371-1376.
Sabancı, S., 2012. Buğday Tarlası Atıklarından Ksilitol Üretim Koşullarının Optimizasyonu ve Ksilitolün Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Tokat. Master Tezi,
Rambo, M.K.D., Bevilaqua, D.B., Brenner, C.G.B., Martins, A.F., Mario, D.N., Alves, S.H., Mallmann, C.A., 2013. Xylitol from rice husks by acid hydrolysis and Candida yeast fermentation. Quim. Nova. 36: 634-639.
Sarrouh, B.F. ve Silva, S.S., 2010. Application of response surface methodology for optimization of xylitol production from lignocellulosic hydrolysate in a fluidized bed reactor. Chemical Engineering Technology 33: 1481-1487.
Uysal, R.S., 2011. Ayçiçeği ve Tütün Saplarından Ksilitol Üretim Koşullarının Optimizasyonu, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Tokat.
Sapçı, B., 2012. Pamuk Saplarından Ksilitol ve Antioksidan Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Tokat. Yüksek Lisans Tezi,
Rocha, M.V.P., Rodrigues, T.H.S., Albuquerque, T.L., Gonc Alves L.R.B., Macedo, G.R., 2014. Evaluation of dilute acid pretreatment on cashew apple bagasse for ethanol andxylitol production. Chem. Eng. J. 243: 234-243.
Sugai, J.K., Delgenes, J.P., 1995. Induction of aldose reductase activity in Candida guilliermondii by pentose sugars. J. Ind. Microbial. 1: 46-51.
Silva, S.S., Afschar, A.S., 1994. Microbial production of xylitol from D-xylose using Candida tropicalis. Bioprocess Eng. 11: 129-134.
Lee, H., Sopher, C.R., Yau, K.Y.F., 1996. Induction of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities on mixed sugars in Candida guilliermondii. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 66: 375-379.
Frazer, F.R., McCaskey, T.A., 1989. Wood hydrolysate treatments for improved fermentation of wood sugars to 2,3-butanediol. Biomass. 18: 31-42.
Roberto, I.C., Lacis, L.S., Barbosa, M.F.S., Mancilha, I.M., 1991. Utilization of sugar cane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate by Candida guilliermondii for xylitol production. Process Biochem. 26: 15-21.
Perego, P., Converti, A., Palazzi, E., Del Borghi, M., Ferraiolo, G., 1990. Fermentation of hardwood hemicellulose tannophilus, Candida shehatae and Pichia stipitis. J. Ind. Microb. 6: 157-164. by Pachisolen
Wilson, J.J., Deschatelets, L., Nishikawa, N., 1989. Comparative fermentability of enzymatic and acid hydrolysates of steam pretreated aspen wood hemicellulose by Pichia stipitis CBS 5776. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 31: 592-596.
Clark, T.A., Mackie, K.L., 1984. Fermentation inhibitors in wood hydrolysates derived from the softwood Pinus radiata. J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 34B: 101-110.
Tran, A.V., Chambers, R.P., 1986. Red oak wood derived inhibitors in the ethanol fermentation of xylose by Pichia stipitis CBS 5776. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 8: 439-445.
Parajo, J.C., Dominguez, H., Dominguez, J.M., 1998b. Biotechnological production of xylitol. Part 2: Operatıon in culture media made with commercial sugars. Bioresource Technol. 65: 203-212.
Bär, A., 1991. Xylitol, Alternative Sweetener. Marcel Dekker, N. Y., Basel, Hong-Kong, 349-379p.
van Dijken, J.P., Scheffers, W.A., 1986. Redox balances in the metabolism of sugars by yeasts. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 32: 199-224.
Kuriyama, H., Kobayashi, M., 1993. Effect of oxygen supply on yeast growth ve metabolism in continuous fermentation. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 75: 364-367.
Horitsu, H., Yahashi, Y., Takamizava, K., Kawsi, K., Suzuki, T., ve Watanabe, N., 1992. Production of xylitol from D-xylose by Candida Tropicalis: optimization of production rate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 40: 105-109.
Roseiro, J. C., Peito, M. A., Girio, F. M., Ameral- Collaço, M. T., 1991. The effects of oxygen transfer coefficient and substrate concentration on the xylose fermentation by Debaryomyces hansenii. Arch. Microbiol. 156: 484-490.
Cao, N-J., Tang, R., Gong, C. S., Chen, L. F., 1994. The effect of cell density on the production of xylitol from D-xylose by yeast. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 45-45: 515-519.
Vandeska, E., Amartey, S., Kuzmanova, S., Jeffries, T.W., 1995. Effects of environmental conditions on production of xylitol by Candida boidinii. W. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 11: 213-218.
Misra, S., Raghuwanshi, S., Saxena, R.K., 2013. Evaluation of corncob hemicellulosic hydrolysate for xylitol production by adapted strain of Candida tropicalis. Carbohydr. Polym. 92: 1596-601.
Rivas, B., Dominguez, J.M.I, Domingues, H., Parajo, J.C., 2002. Bioconversion of posthydrolysed autohydrolysis liquors: an alternative for xylitol production from corn cobs. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 31: 431-438.
Mussatto, S.I., Roberto, I.C., 2004. Optimal experimental hydrolyzate treatment with activated charcoal for xylitol production. Biotechnol. Prog. 20: 134-139.
Liavogo, A.B., Bian, Y., Seib, P.A., 2007. Release of d-xylose from wheat straw by acid and xylanase hydrolysis and purification of xylitol. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55: 7758-7766.
Edelstein, S., Smith, K., Worthington, A., Gillis, N., Bruen, D., Kang, S.H., Gilpin, K., Ackerman, J., Guiducci, G., 2008. Comparisons of six new artificial sweetener gradation ratios with sucrose in conventional-method cupcakes resulting in best percentage substitution ratios. J. Cul. Sci. Technol. 5: 61-74.
Winkelhausena, E., Malinovskaa, R.J., Velickovaa, E., Kuzmanovaa, S., 2007. Sensory and microbiological quality of a baked product containing xylitol as an alternative sweetener. Int. J. Food Prop. 10: 639-49.
Sokmen, A., Gunes, G., 2006. Influence of some bulk sweeteners on rheological properties of chocolate. LWT - Food Sci. Technol. Int. 39: 1053- 1058.
Fisker, H.O., Nissen, V., 2006. Effect of gum base and bulk sweetener on release of specific compounds from fruit flavoured chewing gum. Dev. Food Sci. 46: 429-432.
Hyvönen, L., Sipila, L., 1977. Effects of temperature and mixture combinations on the synergism between fructose and cyclamate and xylitol and the application of the mixtures of sweetners in foods. Alternative Sweetening of Helsinki, Finnish.
Hyvonen, L., A. Espo, 1981. Replacement of Sucrose in Bakery Products. Cakes and Cookies. EKTSer. 569. University of Helsinki
Kawabata, A.S., Sawayama. S., Kotobuki, S., 1976. Effects of sugars and sugar alcohols on the texture of pectin jelly. Jpn. J. Nutr. 31: 3-10.
Kawamura, K., 1988. Japanese Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP, 63, 287-599.