RICHARD SERRA ÖRNEKLEMİNDE KAMUSAL ALANDA VANDALİZM, KÜLTÜRÜN ÖZELLEŞTİRİLMESİ VE ELEŞTİREL SANATIN SANSÜRLENMESİ

Araştırmada Richard Serra’nın Tilted Arc ve Berlin Junction eserleri örnekleminde sanat eserine yönelik şiddetin altında yatan unsurlar, vandalizm türleri ve kamusal sanata yönelik yukarıdan ve aşağıdan gerçekleştirilen eleştirilerin odak noktası ile hükümet politikalarının kamusal sanatın eleştirel boyutundaki konumu incelenmektedir. Kamusal sanatın önemi ve 1960’lardan itibaren kamusal sanata yönelik gerçekleştirilen olumlu politikaların yanında site özgüllüğü (mekana özgülük) yasası, kültürün özelleştirilmesi ve eleştirel sanatın sansürlenmesi gibi olumsuz yaklaşımların kamusal alanda sergilenen eserlere yönelik şiddet üzerindeki etkisi araştırma kapsamında analiz edilen diğer önemli unsurlardır. Bununla birlikte kamusal sanatın reddinin izleyici boyutunda nedenleri genel tanımıyla deneyim eksikliği ve mekanik akış içinde doğal olmayanın reddi şeklinde sınıflandırılsa da vandalizme neden olan ve esere yönelik saldırganlığa dönüşen altta yatan pek çok psikolojik etken söz konusudur. Bunlar arasında kişilik özellikleri ve bireyin psikolojik durumu başta gelirken, bilinçaltının bilinmeyeni reddinin sonucunda dürtüsel bir eylem olarak saldırganlaşma, toplumsal bir ileti olarak eleştiri, rahatsızlık duyulan durumdan kurtulma yolu olarak vandalizme yönelme, algılanan adalet düzeyi ile denetim düzeyi arasındaki dengesizlik nedeniyle adaleti bireyin kendisinin sağlama isteği gibi diğer etkenler de kamusal alanda sergilenen heykel/yerleştirmelere yönelik gerçekleşen saldırıların nedenleri arasındadır. Kamusal alanda sergilenen sanata yönelik vandalist eylemlerin psikolojik nedenlerini örnekleme alınan eserler üzerinden incelemeyi amaçlayan araştırmada, Andy Warhol’un 13 Most Wanted Man eseri, Robert Motherwell’in New England Elegy resmi, Pablo Picasso’nun Chicago Picasso heykeli ve George Sugarman’ın Baltimore Federal yerleştirmesi amaçlı eleman örnekleme ile evrenden örnekleme seçilen diğer eserlerdir. Betimsel içerik analizi yönteminin kullanıldığı çalışma, ilişkisel tarama modelinde nitel bir araştırmadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Vandalizm, İkonoklazm, Kamusal alan, Eleştirel sanat, Kültürün özelleştirilmesi, Sanatın sansürlenmesi, Richard Serra

VANDALISM IN THE PUBLIC SPACE IN THE CASE OF RICHARD SERRA, PRIVATIZATION OF CULTURE AND CENSORSHIP OF CRITICAL ART

In the study, the underlying elements of violence against artworks, types of vandalism, the focus of criticism of public art from above and below, and the position of government policies in the critical dimension of public art are examined in the sample of Richard Serra's Tilted Arc and Berlin Junction works. In addition to the importance of public art and the positive policies towards public art since the 1960s, the effect of negative approaches such as site specificity (site specificity) law, privatization of culture and censorship of critical art on violence against works exhibited in the public space are other important factors analyzed within the scope of the research. However, although the reasons for the rejection of public art in the audience are classified as lack of experience and rejection of the unnatural in the mechanical flow, there are many underlying psychological factors that cause vandalism and turn into aggression towards the work. Among these, personality traits and psychological state of the individual come first; but it is also other factors among the reasons for the attacks on sculptures/installations exhibited in the public space such as aggression as an impulsive act as a result of the unconscious's rejection of the unknown, criticism as a social message, turning to vandalism as a way of getting rid of the uncomfortable situation, individual's desire to provide justice due to the imbalance between the perceived level of justice and the level of control. In the research, which aims to examine the psychological causes of vandalist acts against art exhibited in the public sphere, through the works taken as a sample; Andy Warhol's 13 Most Wanted Man works, Robert Motherwell's New England Elegy painting, Pablo Picasso's Chicago Picasso sculpture and George Sugarman's Baltimore Federal installation are other works selected for sampling from the universe by element sampling. The study, in which the descriptive content analysis method was used, is qualitative research in the relational screening model.

Keywords:

Vandalism, Iconoclasm, Public sphere, Critical art, Privatization of culture, Censorship of art, Richard Serra,

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Görsel Kaynakça
Görsel 1: Andy Warhol, 13 Most Wanted Man https://archiveofdestruction.com/artwork/mostwanted/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2023).
Görsel 2: Robert Motherwell, J.F. Kennedy Federal Building https://aknextphase.com/robertmotherwells-jfk-mural/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2023).
Görsel 3: George Sugarman, Baltimore Federal https://www.gsa.gov/fine-arts?artwork/23550 (Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2023).
Görsel 4: Richard Serra, Tilted Arc https://www.chrisgallego.com/richard-serras-tilted-arc/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2023).
Görsel 5: Richard Serra, Tilted Arc https://metropolismag.com/viewpoints/conversations-aboutsculpture-excerpt-foster-serra/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2023).
Görsel 6: Richard Serra, Tilted Arc https://nickkahler.tumblr.com/post/63378392062 (Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2023).
Görsel 7: Richard Serra, Berlin Junction https://amidstinterpretation.wordpress.com/2012 /03/08/berlin-junction/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2023).
Görsel 8: Richard Serra, Berlin Junction (detail) https://www.artdamagedbook.com/blog/ richardserra-berlin-junction-1988-spraypaint (Erişim: Tarihi 23.03.2023).