Political, Economic and Cultural Dimensions of Corruption: A Case of Developed and Developing Countries

Corruption continues to be one of humanity’s biggest threat to security, prosperity and justice. It remains one of the most common social evils yet the most difficult to stop. Many scholars from different fields have sought to investigate the economic impact of corruption, the moral and ethical violations, legal consequences that corrupt people should face and the perception on corruption. Further studies have sought to rank countries from the most corrupt to the least corrupt countries in the world. Such comparative studies have given valuable information on the patterns of corruption but rarely provide explanation for the causes. This paper therefore seeks to examine whether there is a trend between corruption and social, political, cultural and religious spheres of selected countries from the developed and developing worlds. By relying on literature from government and non-governmental organisations, academic publications, media articles and publications from investigative agencies, this article finds that there is no consistent relationship between the socio -political, cultural and religious environment and corruption though strong political institutions are key agents in addressing corruption problem.

___

Abed, G. T. & Gupta, S., (2004). The economics of corruption: An overview, Washington D.C.: IMF

Al-Marhubi, Fahim. (2004) “The Determinants of Governance: A Cross-Country Analysis.” Contemporary Economic Policy, 22, 394–406

Acemoglu, D. (2015). Why nations fail? Pakistan Development Review. https://doi.org/10.3935/rsp.v21i3.1238

Acemoglu, D., & Verdier, T. (1998). Property rights, corruption and the allocation of talent: A general equilibrium approach. Economic Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00347

Agbiboa, Daniel. (2013). Between Corruption and Development: The Political Economy of State Robbery in Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics. 108. 325-345. 10.1007/s10551-011-1093-5.

Amundsen, Inge. (1999) Political corruption: An Introduction to the Issues. Chr. Michelsen Institute Development Studies and Human Rights.

Anne Westhues; Brian Wharf (2014). Canadian Social Policy: Issues and Perspectives. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-1-55458-409-3

Bickerton, James; Gagnon, Alain, eds. (2004). Canadian Politics (4th ed.). Broadview Press. pp. 250–254, 344–347. ISBN 978-1-55111-595-5

Burgis, T. (2015). The Looting Machine. Public Affairs.

Collier, Ruth Berins and David Collier. (1991). Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

David H. Bayley, (1966) "The Effects of Corruption in a Developing Nation," Western Political Quarterly 19: 724-730.

Dmitry Gorenburg. (2013) “Corruption in Russia”. Russian Politics & Law., Vol. 51 Issue 4, p.6.

Economist, T. (2017). Democracy Index 2017 Free speech under attack. The Economist, Intelligence Unit. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-2239

Freedom House, (2012), Freedom in the World country report, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedomworld/2012/somalia

Friedrich, Carl. (1989). "Corruption Concepts in Historical Perspective." In Political Corruption: A Handbook, ed. Arnold J. Heidenheimer, Michael Johnston, and Victor T. Levine. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, pp. 15- 24.

G. Zasada (2004), ‘Uzbekistan: The major source of instability in Central Asia?’, Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW), https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/prace_15_3.pdf

Gerring, John, and Strom C. Thacker. 2005. “Do Neoliberal Policies Deter Political Corruption?” International Organization, 59(1): 233-54

IMF. (2014). World Economic Outlook. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcn046

Harris, Bruce (2009). Replacement of the Royal Prerogative in New Zealand" New Zealand Universities Law Review. 23: 285–314.

Hellman, Joel S., Geraint Jones, and Daniel Kaufmann. (2000) Seize the State, Seize the Day. World Bank, Policy research working paper, September 2000.

Huff, W G (1995). "What is the Singapore model of economic development?". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 19: 735–759.

IMF. (2018). World Economic Outlook. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcn046

IMF. (2014). World Economic Outlook. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcn046

Jon S.T. Quah, (1982) "Bureaucratic Corruption in the ASEAN Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Their Anti-Corruption Strategies," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 13: 153- 177.

Kaufman, Daniel, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi. (2005) “Governance Matters IV: Governance Indicators for 1996–2004.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3630. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id =718081

La Porta, Rafael, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny. (1999) “The Quality of Government.” Journal of Law, Economics & Organization, 15, 222–79.

Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. 2005. “Consequences and Causes of Corruption: What do we know from a Cross-Section of Countries?” Passauer Diskussionspapiere: Volkswirtschaftliche Reihe, No. V-34-05, Universität Passau.

Milne, R.S. and Mauzy, D. K. (1990). Singapore: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew. Boulder: Westview Press.

Milne, Robert S., and Diane K.Mauzy (1990) Singapore: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew; Boulder: Westview Press.

Newman, Peter C (2016). Hostages to Fortune: The United Empire Loyalists and the Making of Canada. Touchstone. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-4516-8615-9

North, C. M., Orman, W. H., & Gwin, C. R. (2013). Religion, corruption, and the rule of law. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 45(5), 757-779.

Nye, J. (1967). Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis. American Political Science Review, 61(2), 417-427. doi:10.2307/1953254.

O’Brien, W., (2011), Driven to Desperation? Thinking Critically About Environmental, Political, and Economic Causalities of Somali Piracy http://www.uvm.edu/~shali/Causalities_Somali_Piracy.pdf

P.L.O. Lumumba (2014). Corruption: The Bane of Africa. A Chapter in Corruption in Africa: A threat to Justice and Sustainable Peace, eds. E. Nduku and J. Tena-nwenye, pp17-46.

Osei Boateng (2012), “How corrupt is Europe?“ New African, Issue 520,: p.28.

Rwekaza M., Fox L and Liebenthal R, ( 2006) the Political Economy of Pro-Poor Policies in Africa: Lessons from Shanghai Conference Case Studies in Attacking Africa’s poverty: experiences from the ground/ edited by Louise Fox, Robert Liebentahl, World Bank 2006.

Sandgren, Claes. (2005) “Combating Corruption: The Misunderstood Role of Law.” The International Lawyer, (2005) 39: 717.

Samanta, S., K. (2011) “Corruption, Religion and Economic Performance in OPEC Countries: An Analysis.” International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting 19(2): 187- 208

Shabbir, G., and Anwar M., (2007). “Determinants of Corruption in Developing Countries.” The Pakistan Development Review, 46(4): 751-64.

Sandholtz, W., and M. M. Gray. 2003. “International Integration and National Corruption.” International Organization, 57(4): 751-64

Shadabi, L., 2013. The impact of religion on corruption. The Journal of Business Inquiry, 12(1), pp.102-117.

Treisman, Daniel. 2000. “The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-National Study.” Journal of Public Economics, 76(3): 399-457

Transparency International: The Global Coalition against Corruption (2006). TI 2006 Corruption Perceptions Index. Berlin: Germany

Transparency International. (2018). Corruption Perception Index 2017.

Turnbull, C. M. (1989) A History of Singapore, 1819–1988; Oxford: Oxford University Press.

UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). (2004) Anti-Corruption Toolkit. 3rd Edition, United Nations, Vienna.

Van Klaveren, Jacob. (1989). Corruption as a Historical Phenomenon, in Arnold J. Heidenheimer, Michael Johnston and Victor LeVine, eds., Political Corruption: A Handbook. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Venezuela Country Report. (2006). Pp. 280-284 in Transparency International: Country Reports: Transparency International.

Weber, M. (2013). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. Routledge.

Wilkinson, Daniel. (2004). "Rigging the Rule of Law: Judicial independence Under Siege in Venezuela." Human Rights Watch

Yingling, M. Patrick. (2013) “Conventional and Unconventional Corruption: Analysis and Solutions for the United States and Kenya.” Duquesne Law Review, (2013) 51: 263.