Kazakistan’da Göç Yönetimi ve Sınır Güvenliği

Jeopolitik önemi yanında yüz ölçümü açısından oldukça büyük olmasına rağmen, az bir nüfusa ev sahipliği yapması Kazakistan’ın hem ulus inşa sürecinde hem de bağımsızlık sonrasında sınırlarının güvenliğini sağlamada göç ve sınır yönetimi konularını bir arada düşünmesini gerekli kılmıştır. Özellikle ülkenin kuzeyinde, Rusya Federasyonu sınırında yoğunlaşan Slav kökenli nüfus ile sınır komşusu olan Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nden ülkeye gerçekleşen göç dalgası ülkede bir yandan etnik homojenliği sağlamaya yönelik göç politikasını gündeme getirmiş; diğer yandan da çok kültürlü bir anlayış içinde toprak bütünlüğünü muhafaza etmeye yönelik politika tatbikini beraberinde getirmiştir. Ayrıca, 11 Eylül saldırıları sonrasında Orta Asya coğrafyasının karşılaştığı Afganistan merkezli güvenlik tehditleri, sınır ihlalleri, uyuşturucu ticareti, silah kaçakçılığı gibi sorunlar Kazakistan’ın bu iki alanda yaptığı politikaları daha ayrıntılı şekilde incelemeyi gerektirmiştir. Kazakistan’ın Sovyet öncesi dönemden itibaren geçirdiği tarihsel ve demografik merhaleleri de inceleyen bu çalışma, Sovyet öncesi dönemden günümüze ülkenin göç yönetimi politikalarını ve sınır güvenliğini sağlamaya yönelik çabaları tetkik etmektedir.

Migration Management and Border Security in Kazakhstan

In addition to its geopolitical importance, having a small population despite its large surface area necessitated for Kazakhstan to consider migration and border management issues together in ensuring the security of its borders after independence. The wave of immigration to Kazakhistan from the People's Republic of China and its Slavic population concentrated along the border of the Russian Federation brought along a policy of immigration aimed at ensuring ethnic homogeneity on the one hand, and a policy aimed at ensuring territorial integrity in a multicultural polity on the other. Moreover, Afghanistan-based security threats faced by the Central Asian states after the September 11 attacks, issues such as border violations, drug trafficking, arms smuggling have required a more detailed examination of the migration and border policies of Kazakhstan. This study, which also examines the historical and demographic transformations of Kazakhstan since the pre-Soviet period, deals with the country's migration management policies and efforts to ensure border security from the pre-Soviet period to the present.

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