İngiliz Yoksul Yasalarına Giriş: 1349-1531 Dönemi: Bir Çocuk Esirgeme Perspektifi

Bu araştırmada, İngiliz Yoksul Yasalarına kaynaklık eden toplumsal ve sosyo-kültürel arka plan, zamanın şartları ve felsefesi çalışıldı. 1349-1531 arası yoksul yasaları, yoksullar ve çocuklar açısından eleştirel bir gözle incelendi. Doküman analizi kullanılan bu araştırmada, amaçlı örneklemle ulaşılan veriler ve bulgular, içerik ve söylem analizleriyle yorumlanarak tanıtıldı. Çoğu, iş, çalışma, ücret ve seyahat konularından oluşan yoksul yasaları, ilk veba salgını sonrası belirginleşen sosyo-ekonomik krize cevaben çıkarılan 1349 İşçilik Kararnamesi ile başlar ve altı asırlık bir süreçle, bütün yoksul yasalarını iptal 1948- Sosyal Yardım Sisteminin ilan edilmesine kadar devam eder. Üç evrede incelenebilen sürecin ilk evresini 1349-1531 dönemi yasalar oluşturur. Yoksulu aşağılayan ve kınayan, onu kuralsız, sorumsuz, dilenci, serseri, kamu düşmanı ilan eden ve şiddetli bir şekilde cezalandıran ilk dönem yasaları, yoksulların ve yoksul çocukların aleyhine çıkarılmış yasaklar mevzuatıdır. En fazla çocukları mağdur eden yasalar, yoksula yardım etmez, edilmesini de yasaklar. Sosyal anlamda reddedilerek ve aşağılanarak yapılan yardım uygulamaları arasında, yoksul yasalarının tüm sürecinde şunlar da vardır: Beş-altı yaşındakiler de dahil, çocuklar, yardım alan anne-baba, dede ve ninelerinden sorumlu tutularak, onların masraflarını çıkarmak için ailelerinden alınıp, madenler de dahil işyerlerine kiralanırlar. Bazı yoksullar, gönüllü köle statüsü ile, bugünkü ABD'ye gönderilir. Nameşhur çalışma evlerinin %50’sini yoksul çocuklar oluşturur. Çocuk esirgeme bağlamında 150 bin kadar yoksul çocuk, usulsüz bir biçimde, evlatlık olarak yurt dışına gönderilir. İlk dönem sonrası yoksul yasalarının da benzer bir şekilde yoksullar ve çocuklar açısından çalışılması önerilir.

Introduction To English Poor Laws: 1349-1531 Period A Child Welfare Perspective

This study examines the conditions, philosophies, socio-political and cultural context of English Poor Laws, and takes a critical look at the laws between 1349 and 1531. The study employs document analysis and purposeful sampling, interprets the data and findings by utilizing context and discourse analyses. Most of the poor laws are about prohibitions and restrictions on travel, labor, employment, and wages. They restrict wages and movements of poor, and the vocational education of their children. The first poor law of 1349- Statute of Labourers has been legislated as a response to the rapid demographic decline and socioeconomic crisis caused by the pandemic in 1348. Lasting six hundred years, the Poor Law System has been abolished by the National Assistance Act in 1948. The poor laws condemn poor, treat them as irresponsible, idle vagabond, beggar, and enemy of the public, and punish them severely. The laws do not help poor with dignity, on the contrary, prohibit helping poor and victimize them. When help is available, here are some of the practices: Children, even five-six-year-old ones, are removed from their families, leased to businesses including mines for work so that the public expenses made for their grandparents and parents are covered. Some poor are sent to today’s USA as indentured servants with no pay. Close to 150 thousand poor children are sent overseas in the name of child protection. Poor children make up 50% of infamous workhouses. It is suggested that post-1531 poor laws are studied with similar critical lenses too.

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Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi-Cover
  • ISSN: 2148-1237
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 4 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 1941
  • Yayıncı: Türk Kooperatifçilik Kurumu