COVID-19 Pandemisinin İş Alanları Üzerine Etkileri ve Post COVID-19 Yönetim Eğilimleri

Dünya, tüm mekanizmalarını ve kurulu düzenini şiddetle sarsan bir krizle yüzleşti, COVID-19 pandemisiolarak adlandırılan bu kriz, neredeyse bilinen tüm sistem ve bilindik yöntemlerin işe yaramadığını göstermiştir.Modern insanlık tarihinde, küresel ve çok boyutlu etkileri nedeni ile ciddi krizlerden birisi olan COVID-19pandemisinin organizasyon yönetimi üzerindeki etki ve eğilimlerinin ortaya konulması, bu araştırmanınamacını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada, ulusal ve uluslararası kuruluşlara ait resmi istatistik veriler, rapor vearaştırmalar sonucunda elde edilen ikincil tür açık verilerden yararlanılmış, projeksyon ve interpolasyonmetotları ile organizasyon yönetimlerinde COVID-19 pandemisi sonrasında beklenen kalıcı değişimlere ilişkineğilimler araştırılmıştır. COVID-19 pandemisi ile beraber, gündeme gelen veya kriz öncesinde önemsenmeyenya da dikkat çekmeyen bazı kavramların kalıcı olarak öne çıkan eğilimler haline gelebileceği ortayakonulmaktadır. Ayrıca pandemi öncesinde uygulanmakta olan bazı akımların Post COVİD-19 döneminde daha fazla öne çıkacakları bazı akımların ise daha az yönelime sahip olabilecekleri öngörülmektedir. Post COVİD 19 döneminde yönetimlerden; sağlıklı ve yenilenmiş fiziksel iş alanları, yeşil işler, iyileştirilmiş insan ilişkileri,sağlıklı, doğal ve esnek örgütsel yapıları oluşturmaları beklenebilir. COVID-19 pandemisi sonrası dönemdeliderler ve yönetimler için; sürdürülebilirlik, esneklik, yeşil işler, doğaya dönüş, daha organik ve sağlıklıorganizasyonlar, daha yoğun teknoloji kullanımı, empatik iletişim, sağlığa yönelik iyileştirme ve kriz yönetimmekanizmaları, strateji revizyonu ve tedarik zinciri yönetiminde farklı ve etkin yaklaşımların kalıcı ve geçerlikavramlar olacağı öngörülmektedir. Buna karşın küresellik, ayrımcılığın, sadece para kazanmaya odaklılık gibiyaklaşımların sorgulanmaları beklenebilir.

The Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Business Areas and Post COVID-19 ManagementTrends

The world has faced a crisis that severely shook all its mechanisms and established order, and thiscrisis, called the COVID-19 pandemic, has shown that almost all known systems and familiar methods do notwork. The aim of this research is to reveal the effects and trends of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is one ofthe serious crises in modern human history due to its global and multidimensional effects, on organizationalmanagement. In the study, secondary type open data obtained as a result of official statistical data, reports andresearch of national and international organizations were used, and the trends regarding the expected permanentchanges in organization management after the COVID-19 pandemic were investigated by projection andinterpolation methods. With the COVID-19 pandemic, it is suggested that some concepts that were brought tothe agenda or that were ignored or not noticed before the crisis may become permanent prominent trends. Inaddition, it is predicted that some trends applied before the pandemic will become more prominent in the PostCOVID-19 period and some trends may have less orientation. In the Post COVID-19 period, managements canbe expected to create healthy and renewed physical work areas, green jobs, improved human relations, healthy,natural and flexible organizational structures. In the Post COVID-19 pandemic period, sustainability,flexibility, green jobs, back to nature, more organic and healthy organizations, more intensive use oftechnology, empathic communication, health improvement and crisis management mechanisms, strategyrevision, and different and effective approaches in supply chain management are predicted to be permanentand valid concepts for leaders and managements. On the other hand, approaches such as globalism,discrimination and focusing only on making money can be expected to be questioned.

___

  • Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Expressway Dujiakan Toll Station. (2020, May 5). Xinhua News Agency
  • Beijing Branch. http://www.bj.xinhuanet.com/2020-05/06/c_1125948223.htm.
  • Burnes, B. (2017). Managing change (7th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
  • Burns, T. & Stalker, G. M. (1961). The management of innovation. Tavistock Publications.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020). How COVID-19 spreads. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covidspreads.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F201 9-ncov%2Fabout%2Findex.html.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Social distancing. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/social-distancing.html.
  • Chan, S. P. (2020, April 14). Coronavirus: World faces worst recession since great depression. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52273988
  • Council on Foreign Relations. (2020). The pandemic will accelerate history rather than reshape it. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-04-07/pandemic-willaccelerate-history-rather-reshape-it.
  • Doğan, A. (2019). Kuantum liderlik. A. Gürer (Ed.), 21. Yüzyılda Liderlik Yaklaşımları içinde (s. 251-277). İksad Yayınları.
  • Drucker, P. F. (1993). Management tasks, responsibilities, practices. Truman Talley Books.
  • DuBrin, A. J. (2012). Essentials of management. (9th ed). South-Western.
  • Eren, E. (2013). Yönetim ve organizasyon çağdaş ve küresel yaklaşımlar (11. bs.). Beta yayın.
  • Ertürk, M. (2013). İşletmelerde yönetim ve organizasyon (7. bs.). Beta yayın.
  • European University Association. (2020). Covid-19 and universities. Retrieved September 15, 2020, from https://www.eua.eu/issues/27:covid-19-and-universities-in-europe.html.
  • European University Association. (2020). The impact of the Covid-19 crisis on university funding in Europe. https://www.eua.eu/downloads/publications/eua%20briefing_the%20impact%20of%20the %20covid-19%20crisis%20on%20university%20funding%20in%20europe.pdf.
  • Gschwind, L. & Vargas, O. (2019). Telework and its effects in Europe. In Jon C. Messenger (Ed.). Telework in the 21st Century an Evolutionary Perspective (pp. 36-75). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Holpuch, A. (2020, June 23). Coronavirus has brought US 'to its knees', says CDC director. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/23/anthony-fauci-covid-19- statement-house-hearing.
  • Inter Agency Standing Committee. (2020). Basic psychosocial skills a guide for COVID-19 responders. https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/system/files/2020- 05/Basic%20Psychosocial%20Skills-%20A%20Guide%20for%20COVID19%20Responders.pdf.
  • International Association of Universities. (2020). COVID-19: Higher education challenges and responses. https://www.iau-aiu.net/COVID-19-Higher-Education-challenges-andresponses.
  • International Labour Organization & United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2020). Jobs in green and healthy transport making the green shift. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/--- publ/documents/publication/wcms_745151.pdf. International Labour Organization. (2020). COVID-19 and the World of work. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/meetingdocu ment/wcms_747931.pdf.
  • International Labour Organization. (2020). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. (4th ed.). https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/ wcms_745963.pdf.
  • International Maritime Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Coronavirus.aspx.
  • International Maritime Organization. (2020). Tackling COVID-19–a voyage together. http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/Pages/08-IMO-SG-message.aspx.
  • International Monetary Fund. (2020). World economic outlook update, June 2020. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/06/24/WEOUpdateJune2020. International Monetary Fund. (2020). Hit to services. https://blogs.imf.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/06/eng-great-lockdown-blog-june-11-chart-1-800x847.png.
  • International Monetary Fund. (2020). The great lockdown through a global lens. https://blogs.imf.org/2020/06/16/the-great-lockdown-through-a-global-lens/.
  • International Monetary Fund. (2020). The great lockdown: Worst economic downturn since the great depression. https://blogs.imf.org/2020/04/14/the-great-lockdown-worst-economicdownturn-since-the-great-depression/.
  • International Trade Centre. (2020). Different sector, different effect. http://www.intracen.org/covid19/blogs/different-sectors-different-effect/.
  • International Trade Centre. (2020). Quantifying the effect of COVID-19 on small business around the World. http://www.intracen.org/covid19/Blog/Quantifying-the-effect-of-COVID-19-onsmall-business-around-the-world-the-world/.
  • International Trade Centre. (2020). Supporting small businesses through the COVID-19 crisis and towards the future: A 15-Point Action Plan. United Nation. https://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/15point.pdf.
  • International Trade Centre. (2020). Supporting small businesses through the COVID-19 crisis and towards the future: A 15-Point Action Plan. Jones, L., Palumbo, D. & Brown, D. (2020, June, 30). Coronavirus: A visual guide to the economic impact. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51706225.
  • Kelly, H. (2011). The classical definition of a pandemic is not elusive. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 89: 540-541.
  • Kentish, B. (2018, September 9). Give workers four-day week and more pay, unions urge businesses. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/four-day-week-uktechnology-tuc-frances-ogrady-amazon-a8530386.html.
  • Koçel, T. (2020). İşletme Yöneticiliği (18. bs.). Beta yayın.
  • Luthans, F. (2011). Organizational behavior an evidence-based approach. (12th ed.). McGrawHill/Irwin.
  • Marinoni, G., Land, H. & Jense, T. (2020). The impact of Covıd-19 on higher education around the World IAU global survey report. International Association of Universities (IAU) UNESCO House. https://www.iauaiu.net/IMG/pdf/iau_covid19_and_he_survey_report_final_may_2020.pdf.
  • Mc Kinsey. (2020). Fast-forward China: How COVID-19 is accelerating five key trends shaping the Chinese economy. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/Asia%20Pacific/Fast %20forward%20China%20How%20COVID%2019%20is%20accelerating%20five%20key %20trends%20shaping%20the%20Chinese%20economy/svgz-fast-forward-China-E1- vF.ashx.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). COVID-19: Protecting people and societies. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=126_126985- nv145m3l96&title=covid-19-Protecting-people-and-societies.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). The world economy on a tightrope. http://www.oecd.org/economic-outlook/june-2020/.
  • Page, C. (2020, October 4). Microsoft will let employees work from home permanently: Report. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/carlypage/2020/10/09/microsoft-will-let-employeeswork-from-home-permanently/#6e462e9a172a.
  • Paul, K. (2019, Nov 4). Microsoft Japan tested a four-day work week and productivity jumped by 40%. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/nov/04/microsoftjapan-four-day-work-week-productivity.
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers Türkiye. (2020). Kriz yönetimi ve iş sürekliliği. https://www.pwc.com.tr/gundem/covid-19.
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2020). COVID-19 accelerates the trends transforming our world. https://www.pwc.com.tr/gundem/covid-19.
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2020). COVID-19: Impacts to business. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/crisis-solutions/covid-19.html.
  • PwC Global. (2020). COVID-19: The potential of increased fraud and economic crime. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/crisis-solutions/covid-19/increased-fraud-economiccrime.html.
  • Robbins, S. P. & Judge T. A. (2013). Organisational behavior (15th ed.). Pearson.
  • Roy, E. A. (2018, July 19). Work less, get more: New Zealand firm's four-day week an 'unmitigated success'. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/19/work-less-getmore-new-zealand-firms-four-day-week-an-unmitigated-success.
  • Strategy+Business. (2020). Adapting to a new World. https://www.strategybusiness.com/article/Adapting-to-a-new-world?gko=5b5d0.
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2020). Sürdürülebilir kalkınma hakkında temel bilgiler. http://www.surdurulebilirkalkinma.gov.tr/temel-tanimlar/.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020). COVID-19 kapalı iş yeri/ofislerde alınacak önlemler. https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/toplumda-salgin-yonetimi/COVID19- KapaliIsYeriOfislerdeAlinacakOnlemler-09042020.pdf.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020). Ofis ve büro sisteminde faaliyet gösteren iş yerleri için kontrollü sosyal hayat çalışma rehberi. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/38041/0/covid19ofisveburosistemindefaaliyetgosterenisyerleriicinkshcalismarehberiafis50x70pdf.pdf?_ta g1=882CEE2477F835BF5D3BBE54DFDC21649C0A4792.
  • T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2020). Covid-19 tedbirleri. https://www.uab.gov.tr/ulastirmave-altyapi-bakanligimiz-tarafindan-alinan-covid-19-tedbirleri.
  • The Brookings Institution. (2020). COVID-19 will accelerate structural declines in microbusiness employment. https://www.brookings.edu/research/how-covid-19-will-change-the-nationslong-term-economic-trends-brookings-metro/#6.
  • The Brookings Institution. (2020). COVID-19 will transform the world, but changes might accelerate familiar trends. https://www.brookings.edu/research/how-covid-19-will-change-thenations-long-term-economic-trends-brookings-metro/#1.
  • The Brookings Institution. (2020). Innovation and hybridization in food and retail will expand. https://www.brookings.edu/research/how-covid-19-will-change-the-nations-long-termeconomic-trends-brookings-metro/#2.
  • The Brookings Institution. (2020). Low-wage workers are facing a housing crisis. https://www.brookings.edu/research/how-covid-19-will-change-the-nations-long-termeconomic-trends-brookings-metro/#3.
  • The Brookings Institution. (2020). The country will finally address the digital divide. https://www.brookings.edu/research/how-covid-19-will-change-the-nations-long-termeconomic-trends-brookings-metro/#7.
  • The Brookings Institution. (2020). Will inequality increase among older Americans?. https://www.brookings.edu/research/how-covid-19-will-change-the-nations-long-termeconomic-trends-brookings-metro/#4.
  • Toh, M. (2020, May 21). New Zealand's prime minister floats 'four-day week' as a way to help the economy. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/21/business/new-zealand-4-day-weekhnk-intl-scli/index.html.
  • Toplatent. (2019). Dünyada 3 gün tatil, 4 gün iş dönemi başladı. https://toptalent.co/dunyada-3- guntatil-4-gun-is-donemi-basladi. U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2020). Guidance on preparing workplaces for COVID-19. https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3990.pdf.
  • U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2020). Healthy Business Operations. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/general-businessfaq.html.
  • Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü Türkiye Ofisi. (2020). COVID-19: İş yerinde çalışanların korunması. https://www.ilo.org/ankara/areas-of-work/covid-19/WCMS_746158/lang--tr/index.htm.
  • United Nations (2020). Education during COVID-19 and beyond. Shocks and aftershocks of the pandemic. Retrieved September, 15, 2020, from https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_policy_brief_covid19_and_education_august_2020.pdf.
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2020). Investment trends monitor. https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/diaeiainf2020d3_en.pdf.
  • United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2020). Joint UN call for smooth transit and transport facilitation to and from landlocked developing countries. https://www.unece.org/info/media/presscurrent-press-h/transport/2020/joint-un-call-forsmooth-transit-and-transport-facilitation-to-and-from-landlocked-developingcountries/doc.htm.
  • United Nations Environment Programme. (2020). Working with the environment to protect people: UNEP’s Covid-19 response. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/workingenvironment-protect-people-uneps-covid-19-response.
  • United Nations Environment Programme. (2020). COVID-19: Four Sustainable Development Goals that help future-proof global recovery. https://www.unenvironment.org/news-andstories/story/covid-19-four-sustainable-development-goals-help-future-proof-global.
  • United Nations Environment Programme. (2020). UNEP statement on COVID-19. https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/statement/unep-statement-covid-19. United Nations Environment Programme. (2020). Why do the sustainable development goals matter? https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/sustainable-development-goals/why-dosustainable-development-goals-matter.
  • United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund Türkiye. (2020). COVID-19 bağlamında aile dostu politikalar ve diğer iyi işyeri uygulamaları: İşverenlerin atabileceği önemli adımlar. https://www.unicef.org/turkey/media/9646/file/COVID19%20Ba%C4%9Flam%C4%B1nda%20Aile%20Dostu%20Politikalar%20Ve%20Di%C4 %9Fer%20%C4%B0yi%20%C4%B0%C5%9Fyeri%20Uygulamalar%C4%B1.pdf.
  • United Nations International Trade Centre. (2020). Different sector, different effect. http://www.intracen.org/covid19/blogs/different-sectors-different-effect/.
  • United Nations International Trade Centre. (2020). ITC calculations based on ITC Covid-19 business ımpact survey. Data collected from 21-04-2020 to 04-05-2020. http://www.intracen.org/covid19/Blog/Quantifying-the-effect-of-COVID-19-on-smallbusiness-around-the-world-the-world/.
  • United Nations Statistics Division. (2020). Commitee fort he coordination statistical activities. How COVID-19 is changing the world: a statistical perspective. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ccsa/documents/covid19-report-ccsa.pdf.
  • Ülgen, H. & Mirze, S. K. (2007). İşletmelerde stratejik yönetim. (4. Baskı). Arıkan. World Bank. (2020). World Bank Blogs. A strong COVID-19 response, and a road to recovery. Retrieved September 15, 2020 from https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/strong-covid-19- response-and-road-recovery.
  • World Customs Organization. (2020). COVID-19 WCO updates. http://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/facilitation/activities-and-programmes/naturaldisaster/coronavirus.aspx.
  • World Economic Forum. (2020). This is the impact of the Coronavirus on business. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/why-is-coronavirus-a-global-business-risk/.
  • World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak: rights, roles and responsibilities of health workers, including key considerations for occupational safety and health. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technicalguidance/health-workers.
  • World Health Organization. (2020). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://covid19.who.int/.
  • World Health Organization. (2020). WHO Manifesto for a healthy recovery from COVID-19. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/who-manifesto-for-a-healthyrecovery-from-covid-19.
  • World Healty Organisation. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak: rights, roles and responsibilities of health workers, including key considerations for occupational safety and health. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technicalguidance/health-workers.
  • World Healty Organisation. (2020). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-7 September 2020. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-directorgeneral-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---7-september-2020.
  • World Tourism Organization. (2020). International tourism and COVID-19. https://www.unwto.org/international-tourism-and-covid-19.
  • World Tourism Organization. (2020). Measures to support tourism. https://www.unwto.org/unwtotourism-dashboard.
  • World Trade Organization. (2020). COVID-19 and world trade. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/covid19_e/covid19_e.htm.
  • World Trade Organization. (2020). Export controls and export bans over the course of the Covid-19 pandemic. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/covid19_e/bdi_covid19_e.pdf.
  • World Trade Organization. (2020). Goods trade barometer. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/wtoi_19may20_e.pdf.
  • World Trade Organization. (2020). Heads of WTO and development banks voice support for trade finance amid COVID-19 crisis. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news_e.htm.
  • World Trade Organization. (2020). Helping MSMES navigate the COVID-19 crisis. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/covid19_e/msmes_report_e.pdf.
  • World Trade Organization. (2020). Services trade barometer. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/wtoi_11mar20_e.pdf.
  • World Trade Organization. (2020). Trade set to plunge as COVID-19 pandemic upends global economy. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres20_e/pr855_e.htm.
  • World Trade Organization. (2020). What a recovery plan for Europe as result of COVID-19 needs. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/covid19_e/swedish_covid19_e.pdf.
  • World Trade Organization. (2020). WTO goods barometer flashes red as COVID-19 disrupts world trade. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/wtoi_19may20_e.htm.
  • Wu, X., Nethery, R. C., Sabath, B. M., Braun, D. & Dominic, F. (2020). Exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: A nationwide cross-sectional study. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.05.20054502v2.