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IDEOLOGY AND PARTISANSHIP IN AMERICAN POLITICS: A CRITICAL REVIEW

In the literature, there have been different views and studies focusing on the changing notion of partisanship and the role of ideology in American politics. Scholars of American politics have been studying the concept of ideologies both empirically and theoretically. While some scholars argue that there has been a significant increase in partisanship, others claim the change in the polarization and partisanship has been exaggerated. This study aims to explore the historical evolution of the concepts of ideology and partisanship since the 1950s in American politics. In doing so, in the first place, the main theoretical and empirical studies of the major scholars in the field will be discussed by focusing on the historical development of ideology and partisanship within the context of US. Second, a brief critical review of the existing studies will be provided, along with suggestions for future research. The concepts have been debated both theoretically and empirically by many scholars in the field. Despite the variations in the analysis of mass polarization, the overall agreement is reached on elite level analyses in which scholars largely agreed upon the argument that partisanship has increased among the political elites. Among the political elites and/or the American public, we find that ideology and partisanship have experienced a substantial evolution since the 1950s and they continue to be the major defining elements of American politics in the future.

AMERİKAN SİYASETİNDE İDEOLOJİ VE PARTİZANLIK: ELEŞTİREL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Literatürde, değişen partizanlık kavramına ve ideolojinin Amerikan siyasetindeki rolüne odaklanan farklı çalışmalara rastlamak mümkündür. İdeoloji hem ampirik hem de teorik olarak çalışılmıştır. Bazı bilim adamları, partizanlıkta önemli bir artış olduğunu iddia ederken, diğerleri kutuplaşmadaki değişimin ve partizanlığın abartıldığını iddia ediyor. Bu çalışma, 1950'lerden bu yana Amerikan siyasetinde ideoloji ve partizanlık kavramlarının tarihsel gelişimini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bunu yaparken, ideoloji ve partizanlığın ABD bağlamındaki gelişimine odaklanılarak, bu alanda çalışan başlıca siyaset bilimcileri bazı teorik ve ampirik çalışmaları ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, mevcut çalışmaların kısa bir eleştirel incelemesi yapılarak, gelecekteki araştırmalar için birtakım öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Sözkonusu kavramlar, alandaki birçok bilim adamı tarafından hem teorik hem de ampirik olarak tartışılmıştır. Kitlesel kutuplaşma konusundaki görüş farklılıklarına rağmen, genel olarak, siyasi seçkinler arasında partizanlığın arttığı iddiası üzerine büyük ölçüde bilim adamlarının hemfikir oldukları görülmektedir. Siyasal seçkinler ve Amerikan halkı arasında, ideoloji ve partizanlığın 1950'lerden bu yana, tarihsel gelişim içinde, önemli bir gelişme yaşadığı ve gelecekte de Amerikan siyasetinin belirleyici unsurları arasında olmaya devam edecekleri söylenebilir.

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