ARAP BAHARI’NIN YEMEN’E EKONOMİ-POLİTİK ETKİLERİ: OPTİMİST ÇİZGİDEN PESİMİST BİR DOĞRULTUYA YÖNELİŞİN ANALİZİ

Arap Baharı ulusal, bölgesel, küresel yıkıcı ve yapıcı etkileri olan bir süreci işaret etmektedir. Bu süreç, hala devam etmektedir. Devam eden bir sürece ilişkin yapılan analizlerden net sonuçlar ve çıkarımlar beklenmemelidir. 2010 yılının Aralık ayında Buazizi tarafından başlayan sürecin etkileri Ortadoğu ve dünyada sürmektedir. Yemen, bu etkilere maruz kalan ülkelerden biridir. Yemen, jeopolitik konumu ve sosyo- politik fay hatları nedeniyle dış etkilere açık ve iç çatışmaların kronik yapıya büründüğü bir ülke. Arap Baharı, bu ekonomi-politik yapıyı daha grift forma dönüştürmüştür. ABD, Suudi Arabistan ve İran gibi pek çok ülke doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak Yemen’de yaşananlara etkide bulunmaktadır. BM’ye göre Yemen “dünyanın en kötü insani krizini” yaşamaktadır. 2015’te iç savaş ile karşı karşıya kalan ülke alt yapı ve ekonomik sistem bakımlarından çökmüştür. İç savaş öncesinde çatışmalar, kötü yönetim, yolsuzluk, doğal kaynakların tükenmesi gibi faktörler nedeniyle yapısal bir yoksulluk ve geri kalmışlık söz konusu olduğu için ekonomik yapıya ilişkin net verilere ulaşma ile ilintili sorunların altı çizilebilir. Elektirik, su ve sağlık gibi temel insani hizmetlerden mahrum olan Yemen’de ekonomik sisteme ilişkin veriler aramak oldukça zor görünmektedir. Yaklaşık 20 milyon insan insani yardıma muhtaç olması ve insani krizin derinliği ‘kıyamet’ benzetmesine bile neden olmaktadır. Arap Baharı’nın bu insani trajediyi nasıl etkilediği kritiktir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Arap Baharı’nın Yemen’in Siyasi ve ekonomik yapısına etkilerini genel hatlarıyla incelemektir. Bu temel amaç çerçevesinde çalışmada ilk olarak, “Arap Baharı” kavramı incelenmiştir. İkinci olarak, Arap Baharı’nın temel tetikleyicisi olarak kabul edilen sosyal medya Arap Baharı ilişkisi ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın son kısmında ise, Arap Baharı’nın Yemen’e ekonomi-politik etkileri analiz edilmiştir.

ECONOMIC-POLITICAL EFFECTS OF ARAB SPRING ON YEMEN: AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSITION FROM OPTIMISTIC POINT TO A PESSIMISTIC POSITION

Arab Spring refers to a process that includes destructive and constructive influences in national, regional, global levels. This process is still ongoing; therefore, no definite conclusions should be expected from the analysis of the process. The effects of the process are continuing that started by Buazizi in December 2010 in the Middle East and the world. Yemen is one of the countries affected by these effects. Yemen is a country open to external influences due to its geopolitical position and socio-political fault lines. It is also a country where internal conflicts reflect chronic structure. Arab Spring transforms this economic-political structure into a more complex form. Many countries such as USA, Saudi Arabia and Iran are directly or indirectly influencing those living in Yemen. According to the UN, Yemen is experiencing "the world's worst humanitarian crisis". The country facing civil war in 2015, the infrastructure and economic system of the country has collapsed. Due to factors such as conflicts, mismanagement, corruption, depletion of natural resources before the civil war and for the sake of structural poverty and backwardness, the problems associated with achieving clear data on the economic structure can be underlined. It seems quite difficult to look for data on the economic system in Yemen, which lacks basic human services such as electricity, water and health. Approximately 20 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance, and even the depth of the humanitarian crisis causes it to resemble 'apocalypse'. It is critical how the Arab Spring influenced this human tragedy. The main purpose of this study is to examine in general the effects of the Arab Spring on the political and economic structure of Yemen. Firstly, the concept of "Arab Spring" was studied. Secondly, the social media Arab Spring relationship, which is considered as the main trigger of the Arab Spring, is dealt with. In the last part of the study, the economic and political effects of the Arab Spring on Yemen were analyzed.

___

  • Acemoğlu, D., Hassan, A. T., Tahaoun, A. (2018). “ThePower of The Street Evidence From Egypt’s Arab Spring”, TheReview of Financial Studies, V. 31, Issue 1(January).
  • Ahmari, S.,Wedday, N. (2012). Arab Spring Dreams: The Next Generation Speaks Outfor. Freedom and Justice From North Africato Iran, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Al-Madhaji, M.,Farea, Al-Muslimi, F. S. A. (2015). TheRoles of RegionalActors in Yemen and Opportinites for Peace, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Sanaa, No. 1.
  • Aras, B.,Akarçeşme, S. (202). Turkey and Arab Spring, International Journal, Vol. 67. No. 1. 39-51.
  • Arı, T. (2017), Geçmişten Günümüze Ortadoğu: Irak, İran, ABD, Filistin Sorunu ve Arap Baharı, Cilt II. Alfa Yayınları, Bursa.
  • Bradly, R. J. (2012). TheArab Spring: How Islamists Hijacked The Middle East Revolts, Palgrave Macmillan, Newyork.
  • Brehony, N. (2015). Yemen andtheHuthis: Genesis of the 2015 Crisis, AsianAffairs, 46:2, 232- 250.
  • Brownlee, J.,Masoud, E. T., (2015) TheArab Spring: Pathways of Repression and Reform, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Cook, A. S.,Moretti, L. ve Rudin, D., (2012). Corruption and the Arab Spring, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 21-28.
  • Cullbertson, S. (2016). TheFires of Spring: A Post-Arab Spring Journey Through the Turbulent,New
  • Middle East- Tunisia, Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Qatar, Egypt: TheFires of Spring, StMartin’sPress, New York.
  • Danahar, P. ( 2015 ). The New Middle East: The The World After Arab Spring, Bloomsbury Press, New York.
  • Eshaq, A., Al- Marani, S. (2017). Assesing the EU’s Conflict Preventiion and Peace Building Interventions In Yemen, Political Development Forum, Case Study Report, 3:5
  • Gause, G. F., (2011). Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring: TheMyth of Authoritarian Stability, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 90. No. 4. 81-90.
  • Gerges, F. (1995). The Kennedy Administration and the Egyptian Conflict in Yemen: Co-Opting Arab Nationalsim, Middle East Journal, Vol. 49. No. 2. 292-311.
  • Helman, B. G.,Ratner R. S. (1993). Saving Failed States, Foreign Policy, No. 89. 3-20.
  • Howard, M. (1990). “The Spring Time of Nations”, ForeignAffairs, Vol. 69. No. 1. 17-32.
  • Ismael, S. J.,Ismael T. S., (2013). The Arab Spring and Uncivil State, Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 35. No. 3. 229-240.
  • Karan, C. (2017). “Suudilerin Son Yemen Oyunu”, Cumhuriyet Gazetesi, 06.12.2017.
  • Kargın, A. İ., (2018). War Hits Women: Marriage As Syrian Women’s Coping Mechanism and its impact On Turkish Women, Turkish Studies – International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 13/17 Winter 2018 p. 31-45, ISSN: 1308-2140, DOI Number: http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.12906 ISSN: 1308- 2140, Ankara-Turkey
  • http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/koseyazisi/880484/Suudilerin_son_Yemen_oyunu.html
  • Khondker, H. H. (2011). The Role of New Mdia in theArab Spring, Globalizations, Vol. 8. No. 5.
  • Korotayev, V. A.,Issaev, M. L., Malkov, S. Ve Shiskina, R. A. (2014). TheArab Spring: A Quantitative Analysis, ArabStudiesQuarterly, Vol. 36. No. 2.
  • Kronenfeld, S.,Guzansky, Y. (2014). Yemen: A Mirror to Future of Arab Spring, Military and Strategic Affairs, Vol. 6. No. 3.
  • Kuhn, R. (2012). On the Role of Human Develeopment in the Arab Spring, Population and Development Review, Vol. 38. No. 4. 679-683.
  • Kurşun, Z. (2017). “Yemen’de Ekip Kudüs’te Biçmek”, Yeni Şafak Gazetesi, 07.12.2017,
  • https://www.yenisafak.com/yazarlar/zekeriyakursun/yemende-ekip-kuduste-bicmek-2041425
  • Panara, C., Wilson, G., (2013). TheArab Spring: New Patterns for Democracy and International Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, Boston.
  • Mallaby, S. (2002). Terrorism, FailedStates, andthe Case for American Empire, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81. No. 2.
  • Rotberg, I. R. (2002). FailedStates in a World of Terror, ForeignAffairs, Vol. 81. No. 4. 127-140.
  • Sadiki, L. (2015). “Unruliness Through Space and Time Reconstructing ‘Peoplehood’ in the Arab Spring”, (Ed.), Handbook of theArab Spring Rethinking Democratization, Routledge, New York.
  • Selim, M. G., (2013). The United States and the Arab Spring: The Dynamics of Political Engineering, ArabStudiesQuarterly, Vol. 35. No. 3. 255-272.
  • Stepanova, E. (2011). The Role of Information Communication Technologies in the “Arab Spring”: Implications Beyond the Region, Eurasia PolicyMemo, Ponars Eurasia Policy Memo, No. 159. (May).
  • TheHeritage Foundation Report, “Yemen”,
  • https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2018/countries/yemen.pdf
  • Totten J. M,,Schenker D. ve Hussain H. A., (2012). “Arab Spring or Islamist Winter?, World Affairs, Vol. 174, No. 5.(January/February),
  • Woodward, L. S. (2017). TheIdeology of Failed States, Why Intervention Fails, Cambridge University Press, New Yok.
  • http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/01/06/obamas-arab-spring/ Erişim Tarihi: 03.03.2018
  • https://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/dunya/yemende-neler-oluyor Erişim Tarihi: 04. 12.2018
  • http://www.aljazeeraBM.com.tr/haber/yemende-neler-oluyor Erişim Tarihi: 02.03.2018
  • http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-43606207 .Erişim Tarihi: 03. 04.2018
  • https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/yemen-worst-humanitarian-crisis-50-years-
  • 180105190332474.html, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-43606207 09.04.2018. Erişim Tarihi:
  • https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KN?end=2014&locations=YE&start=2004& view=chart
  • https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ym.html