Hakan İSTANBULLUOĞLU, Recai OĞUR, Ömer Faruk TEKBAŞ

Su sistemlerinde mikrofilm (Biyofilm) tabakası

Microfilms are a collection of microorganisms surrounded by the slime they secrete, attached to either an inert or living surface. As in any water system, nearly all of the bacteria are likely to be in microfilms attached to internal surfaces. In a mature microfilm, more of the volume is occupied by the loosely organized glycocalyx matrix than by bacterial cells. Microorganism benefit by acquiring nutrients and protection from biocides. Chlorine is the most effective and least expensive biocide for removing the microfilms.

Microfilm (Biofilm) in water systems

Mikrofilm tabakası, canlı veya cansız bir yüzeye yapışarak kendi ürettikleri jel benzeri bir tabakanın içinde yasayan mikroorganizmaların oluşturduğu topluluktur. Su sistemlerinde bulunan bakterilerin neredeyse tamamı yüzeylere yapışarak mikrofilm oluşturma eğilimindedir. Olgun mikrofilm tabakasının yaklaşık tamamı, gevşek glikokaliks tabakası ve bakteri hücrelerinden oluşmaktadır. Tabaka bakterilere besin sağlamakta ve bakterileri biyositlerden korumaktadır. Mikrofilmlerin giderilmesinde en ucuz ve etkin yöntem klor kullanımıdır.

PDF

___

1. Costerton JW. A short history of the development of biofilm consept. Eds: Ghannoum MA, O'Toole GA: Microbial Biofilms. Washington DC. ASM Press, 2004, p. 5.

2. Hallam NB, West JR, Forster CF, Simms J. The potential for biofilm growth in water distribution systems. Wat Res. 2001; 35: 4063-4071.

3. Sutherland IW. Biofilm exopolysaccharides: a strong and sticky framework. Microbiology. 2001; 147: 3-9.

4. Flemming H, Flemming C. Biofouling in water systems–cases, causes and countermeasures. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2002; 59(6): 1066-1069.

5. Klausen M, Aaes-Jørgensen A, Molin S, Tolker- Nielsen T. Involvement of bacterial migration in the development of complex multicellular structures in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Molecular Microbiology. 2003; 50(1): 61–68.

6. Stanley PM. Factors Affecting the Irreversible Attachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Stainless Steel. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1983; 29(11): 1493-1499.

7. Borenstein SB. Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Handbook. New York. Industrial Press Inc, 1994, p. 3-5.

8 Mittelman MW Biological Fouling of Purified- Water Systems: Part 1, Bacterial Growth and Replication. Microcontamination. 1985; 3(10): 51- 55.

9. Elder MJ, Stapleton F, Evans E, Dart JK. Biofilmrelated infections in ophthalmology. Eye (Lond). 1995; 9(Pt 1): 102-9.

10. Rickard AH, Peter Gilbert P, High NJ, Kolenbrander PE, Handley PS. Bacterial coaggregation: an integral process in the development of multi-species biofilms. Trends in Microbiology. 2003; 11(2): 94-100.

11. Watnıck P, Kolter R. Biofilm city of microbes. J.Bacteriol. 2000; 182(10): 2675-2679.

12. Donlan RM. Biofilms: Microbial life on surfaces. Emerging Infect Dis. 2002; 8: 881-890.

13. Hamilton NF. Antimicrobial controls effects of bioslime. Modern Plastics. 1988; 65(5): 166-168.

14. Coticchia J, Zuliani G, Coleman C, Carron M, Gurrola J, Haupert M at al. Biofilm surface area in the pediatric nasopharynx: chronic rhinosinusitis vs obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007; 133(2): 110–114.

15. Rodrigues A, Autio WA, McLandsborough LA. Effect of Surface Roughness and Stainless Steel Finish on Listeria monocytogenes Attachment and Biofilm Formation. Journal of Food Protection. 2008; 71(1): 170-175.

16. Vrouwenvelder JS, Hinrichs C, Van der Meer WGJ, Van Loosdrecht MCM, Kruithof JC. Pressure drop increase by biofilm accumulation in spiral wound RO and NF membrane systems: role of substrate concentration, flow velocity, substrate load and flow direction. Biofouling. 2009; 25(6): 543-555.

17. Folsom JP, Siragusa GR, Frank JF. Formation of Biofilm at Different Nutrient Levels by Various Genotypes of Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Food Protection. 2006; 69(9): 826-834.

18. McCormick K. Quality. Pharmaceutical engineering series. Quality and requlatory compliance. Oxford. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002, p. 211-212.

19. Mittelman MW. Biological Fouling of Purified- Water Systems: Part 3, Treatment. Microcontamination. 1986; 4(1): 30-40.

20. Friedman M, Kirmeyer G, Pierson G. Development of Distribution System Water Quality Optimization Plans. Denver. American Water Works Association, 2005, p. 63-64.

21._Biofilm._http://www.clearwater.eu.com/chlorine_di oxide/biofilm.html [Erişim Tarihi: 13.10.2010].

22. Characklis WG, Marshall KC. Biofilms. New York. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1990, p. 607, 618.

23. Collentro WC. Microbial Control in Purified Water Systems-Case Histories. Ultrapure Water. 1995; 12(3): 30-38.

24. Codony F, Morato Ribas F, Mas J. Effect of chlorine, biodegradable dissolved organic carbon and suspended bacteria on biofilm development in drinking water systems. J Basic Microbiol. 2002; 42: 311-319.