Acar Songül VAİZOĞLU, Bekir KAPLAN, Çağatay GÜLER

Kapalı ortam olarak otomobiller

Bu derlemedeki amaç bir kapalı ortam olan otomobillerdeki zararlı kimyasal bileşiklere ve bunların sağlık üzerine etkisine dikkat çekmektir. İnsanların zamanlarını geçirdiği kapalı ortamlar arasında ev, işyeri, alışveriş merkezleri, spor salonları, tren, uçak ve otomobiller bulunmaktadır. ABD’de yapılan bir araştırmada Amerika’da yaşayanların büyük çoğunluğunun günde yaklaşık 100 dakikalarını otomobillerinde geçirdikleri belirlenmiştir. Otomobillerde emniyet kemeri ve hava yastığı dışında başka güvenlik sorunları da bulunmakta ve bu sorunlar otomobile girer girmez kişileri etkileyebilmektedir. Koltuklar, döşemeler, kol ve baş yastıkları, yer döşemesi, aksesuarlar ve plastikten yapılmış parçalar bu tehlikelerin arasında sayılabilir. Yapılan çalışmalarda yeni üretilmiş otomobillerin içinde 160’tan fazla Uçucu Organik Bileşik (UOB) saptanmıştır. Otomobillerin üretiminden 3 yıl sonra bile yaz aylarında toplam UOB konsantrasyonunun önerilen sınır değerleri aştığı belirlenmiştir. Bu kirleticilerden bazıları formaldehit, toluen, ksilen, etil benzen ve styrendir. Diğer bir grup kirletici olan Poli Bromlu Difenil Esterleri (PBDE), güneşte parçalanarak özelikle sıcak mevsimlerde otomobillerin içinde daha yüksek konsantrasyonlara ulaşabilir. Otomobillerde bulunan kapalı ortam kirleticilerini belirlemeye yönelik araştırmaların sayısı oldukça azdır ve bu konudaki çalışmalar artırılmalıdır. PBDE ve fitalatların etkilenimini azaltmak için üreticiler, kimyasal olmayan alternatif malzemeler ya da daha az toksik olan kimyasallar kullanabilirler. Tüketiciler ise otomobillerini alırken bu özelliklerini bilerek almalıdırlar.

The automobiles as indoors

In this review we aimed to attract attention to toxic chemicals in cars and their effect on health. People spend most of their times in indoors such as houses, workplaces, malls, sport centers, train, transportation vehicles (train, plane, cars). In US, citizens spend nearly 100 minutes in cars per day. There are safety problems in cars except than seatbelt and airbag. Some of these are seats, furnishing, cushions for arm and head, floor covering, accessories and plastic parts. In a study conducted in Japan, more than 160 volatile organic compounds (VOC) had been determined in new cars and a three years old car. Some of the pollutants are formaldehyde, toluen, xylene, ethylbenzene and styrene. Also Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which may be degradated by sunshine in hot seasons are measured within the outomobiles. There is a big gap of studies about the pollutants in cars and researches have to be conducted. Manufacturers should use nonhazardous material or less toxic chemicals to reduce exposure of VOCs, PBDEs and phthalates. Drivers can reduce the these chemicals by using solar reflectors and avoiding to park under sunlight.

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