Bir İlişki Düzenleme Süreci Olarak Mahremiyet

Son zamanlarda yaygın bir tartışma konusu hâline getirdiğimiz mahremiyet, sadece, insan haklarıyla ilgili hukukî ve dinî bir konu değildir. Olaya daha genel bir açıdan baktığımızda, mahremiyetin bir sosyo-kültürel ilişki düzenleme süreci olduğu, hukukî ve dinî görüş açılarının da temelinde bu sürecin yatmakta olduğu görülmektedir. İnsanoğlu bu süreç ile, başkalarının kendisine nasıl ulaşabileceklerini ve kendisinin başkalarına ne miktar ulaşmak istediğini belirlemeye çalışmaktadır. Bütün dünyada en belirgin örneklerini cinsel hayatımızda, kadına karşı takındığı mız tavırlarda, kaçınma ve saygı davranışları şeklinde ifade ettiğimiz aile içi ve akrabalık ilişkilerinde gözlemlediğ imiz mahremiyet, çeşitli sosyal psikolojik mekanizmaları kullanmakla gerçekleştirilmektedir. Yalnız kalmayı istemek, kalabalık bir grup içerisinde dikkatlerden uzak kalmak, ketum davranmak, sıcak-yakın ilişki içerisinde bulunmak ve başkalarına karşı açık ve kapalı olmakla veya ben ile başkaları arasında sınır kontrolları yapmakla mahremiyetimizi sağlamakta, koruyabilmekte ve istenen bir seviyede tutmak imkânına sahip olabilmekteyiz. Kişisel alanlara sahip olarak, bölge (mıntıka) davranışları geliştirerek, yapılı veya kapalı mekânlardan yararlanarak, mahrem alanlarımızda bir derecelendirme yoluna giderek, mahremiyetimizi korumaya çalışmaktayız. İçinde yaşadığı- mız evlerde, iş yerlerinde, yerleşme alanlarında mahremiyet sürecini işleterek, mahrem alanlar, rahat edebileceğimiz çevreler yaratmaya çalışmaktayız.

Privacy as an Interaction Regulation Process

Privacy, which has become a common subject we discuss lately, is not only a religious or legal subject related to human rights. As we view this phenomenon at a broader aspect, we can see that privacy is a socio-cultural interaction regulation process, which also underlie the legal and religious standpoints. By the help of the privacy process, human beings try to control the access to themselves by others as well as their selective control of access to others. All over the world, the behaviour of privacy that is observed most explicitly in our gender roles, in our attitudes towards women, expressed as behaviours of avoidance and respect, observed in our domestic and kinship relations, is carried out by using various social psychological mechanisms. We acquire, keep and have the capability to control the level of our privacy by requiring to be solitude, keeping our anonymity in a crowd, being reserve, being in intimacy, and being open and closed towards others or having self – other boundary control. We try to keep our privacy by personal space, developing territorial behaviour, benefiting from structured or enclosed space and using hierarchy in our private areas. We try to create private areas, surroundings that we may be comfortable by carrying out this privacy process in our homes, offices and residential areas.

PDF

___

Ahrentzen, S., D. W. Levine and W. Michelson (1989), “Space, Time and Activity in the Home: A Gender Analysis”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9, ss. 89 101.
Alexander, Ch. (1969), Houses Generated by Patterns, Berkeley: Calif.: Center for Environmental Structure.
Altman, I. (1975), The Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, and Crowding, Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole.
Altman, I. (1977), “Privacy Regulation: Culturally Universal or Culturally Specific?”, Journal of Social Issues, 33, ss. 66-84.
Altman, I. and Barbara Rogoff (1991), “World Views in Psychology”, Daniel Stokols’un I. Altman ile birlikte derlediği Handbook of Enviromental Psychology (Malabar, Şorida: Krieger Publishing Co., ss. 7-40) adlı eserde.
Altman, I. and Carol M. Werner (2000) “Humans and Nature: Insights from a Transactional View” , Seymour Wapner ve arkadaşları nın derlediği Teoretical Perspevtives in Environment- Behavior Research (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, ss. 21-37) adlı eserde.
Altman, I. and M. Chemers (1984), Culture and Environment, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Archea, J. (1975),“Establishing an Interdisciplinary Commitment”, B. Honikman'ı n editörlüğünü yaptığı Responding to Social Change (Stroudsburg, P. A.: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross) adlı eserde.
Archea, J. (1977), “The Place of Architectural Factors in Behavioral Theories of Privacy”, Journal of Social Issues, 33, ss. 116-137.
Bechtel, R. B. (1997), Environment and Behavior: An Introduction, Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.
Becker, F. D. (1974), Design for Living: The Residents' Wiew of Multi-family Housing, Ithaca, NY.: Center for Urban Development Research.
Bee, R. L. (1963), “Changes in Yuma Social Organization”, Ethnology, 2, ss. 207 227.
Bell, Paul A., et al. (2002), Environmental Psychology, 5th ed., Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bennett, C.J. (1992) Regulating Privacy, Ithaca : Cornell University Press.
Block, L. K. and G. S. Stokes (1989), “Performance and Satisfaction in Private versus Non-private Work Settings”, Environment and Behavior, 21, ss. 277-297.
Carlisle, S. G. (1982), “French Homes and French Character”, Landscape, 26, ss. 13-23.
Carpenter, C. R. (1958), “Territory: A Review of Concepts and Problems”, A. Roe ve G. G. Simpson'un derlediği Behavior and Evolution (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, ss. 224-250) adlı eserde.
Chermayeff, S. and C. Alexander (1963), Community and Privacy: Toward a New Architecture of Humanism, New York: Doubleday.
DePaulo, B.M. , et al. (2003) , “ Verbal and Nonverbal Dynamics of Privacy, Secrecy, and Deceit,” Journal of Social Issues, 59, ss 391-410.
Etzioni, A. (1999) The Limits of Privacy, New York : Basic Books.
Farrenkopf , T. and V. Roth (1980), “The University Faculty Office as an Environment”, Environment and Behavior, 12, ss. 467-477.
Fernea E. W. and R. A. Fernea (1997), “Symbolizing Roles: Behind the Veil”, J. Spradley ve McCurdy'nin derlediği Conformity and Conflict, Readings in Cultural Anthropology, 9th ed. (New York: Longman, ss. 235-242) adlı eserde.
Firth, R. (1957), We, the Tikopia: Kinship in Primitive Polynesia, Boston: Beacon Press.
Ford, C. S. and F. A. Beach (1951), Patterns of Sexual Behavior, Harper and Brothers.
Gifford, Robert (1997), Environmental Psychology: Principles and Practices, 2nd ed., Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Gregor, T. A. (1970), “Explosure and Seclusion: A Study of Institutional Isolation Among the Mehinacu Indians of Brazil”, Ethnology, 9, ss. 234-250.
Gregor, T. A. (1974), “Publicity, Privacy, and Mehinacu Marriage”, Ethnology, 13, ss. 333-499.
Holmberg, Allan R. (1950) Nomads of the Long Bow, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Ittelson, W. H. et.al. (1974), An Introduction to Environmental Psychology, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Jennings, C. and L. Fena (2000), The Hundredth Window : Protecting Your Privacy and Security in the Age of the Internet, New York : Free Press.
Johnson, C. A. (1975), “Privacy as Personal Control”, D. H. Carson'un derlediği Men Environment Interactions: Evaluations and Applications (Stroudsburg, P. A.: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross)adlı eserde.
Jorgensen, J. G. (1966), “Addendum: Geographical Clustering and Functional Explanations of In-Law Avoidances: An Analysis of Compharative Method”, Current Antropology, 7, ss. 161-169.
Kelvin, P. A. (1973), “A Social Psychological Examination of Privacy”, British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 12, ss. 248-261.
Kelvin, P. A. (1977), “Predictability, Power and Vulnerability in Interpersonal Attraction”, S. Duck'ın derlediği Theory and Practice of Interpersonal Attraction (New York: Academic Press) adlı eserde.
Klitzman, S. and J. Stellman (1989), “The Impact of the Physical Environment on the Psychological Well-being of Office Workers”, Social Science on Medicine, 29, ss. 733-742.
Kent, S. (1984), Analyzing Activity Areas: An Ethnoarcheological Study of the Use of Space, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Kent, S. (1990), “A Cross-cultural Study of Segmantation, Architecture and the Use of Space”, Susan Kent'in derlediği Domestic Architecture and Use of Space (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ss. 127-152) adlı eserde.
Laufer, R. S., H. M. Proshansky and M. Wolfe (1974), “Some Analytic Dimensions of Privacy”, R. Kuller'in derlediği Architectural Psychology (Stroudsburg, P.A.: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross) adlı eserde.
LeVine, R. A. (1962) “Witchcraft and Cowife Proximity in Southwestern Kenya”, Ethnology, 1, ss. 39-45.
Levinson, D. ve M. J. Malone (1980), Toward Explaining Human Culture, HRAF (Human Relations Area Files) Press.
Llewellyn, K. N. and E. A. Hoebel, (1941), The Cheyenne Way, Norman, Okla.: University of Oklohama Press.
Luzbetak, L. J. (1951), Marriage and the Family in Caucasia, St. Gabriel’s Mission Press Vienna-Mödling,
Margulis, S. T. (1977), “Conceptions of Privacy: Current Status and Next Steps”, Journal of Social Issues, 33, ss. 5-21.
Margulis, S.T. (2003), “ On the Status and Contribution of Westin’s and Altman’s Theories of Privacy”, Journal of Social Issues, 59, ss.411-429.
Margulis, S.T. (2003), “ Privacy as a Social Issue and Behavioral Concept”, Journal of Social Issues, 59, ss.243-261.
Michelson, W. (1985), From Sun to Sun: Daily Obligations and Community Structure in the Lives of Employed Women and their Families, Totowa, NJ.: Rowman and Allenheld.
Murdock, G. P. (1971), “Cross-Sex Patterns of Kin Behavior”, Ethnology, 10, ss. 359-368, 360.
Murphy, R. F. (1964), “Social Distance and the Veil”, American Anthropologist, 66, ss. 1257-1274.
Newman, O. (1972), Defensible Space, New York: Macmillan.
Omata, K. (1992), “Special Organization of Activities of Japanese Families”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12, ss. 259-267.
Opler, M.E. (1937) “Chiricahua Apache Social Organization”, Fred Eggan’ın derlediğ i Social Anthropology of North American Tribes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) adlı eserde.
Opler M.E.(1941), An Apache Life Way (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Pastalan, L. A. (1970), “Privacy as a Manifestation of Territoriality”, L. A. Pastalan ile B. H. Carson’un derlediği Spatial Behavior of Older People, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan-Wayne State University Press.
Petronio, S. (2002), Boundaries of Privacy: Dialectics of Disclosure, Albany, NY. : State University of New York Press.
Philippot, P. , et al. , eds. (1999) , The Social Context of Nonverbal Behavior, Cambridge, MA. : Cambridge University Press.
Ponse, B. (1977), Identities in the Lesbian World, Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press.
Proshansky, H. M. et.al. (1970), Enviromental Psychology: Man and His Physical Setting, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Proshansky, H. M., W. H. Ittelson and L. G. Rivlin (1970), “Freedom of Choice and Behavior in Physical Setting”, yazarların kendilerinin derlediği Environmental Psychology: Man and his Physical Setting (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston) adlı eserde.
Roberts, J. M. and T. A. Gregor (1971), “Privacy: A Cultural View”, J. R. Pennock ve J. W. Chapman’ın derlediği Privacy (New York: Atherton Press, ss. 199-225 ) adlı eserde.
Schwartz, B. (1968), “The Social Psychology of Privacy”, American Journal of Sociology, 73, ss. 741-752.
Shils, E. (1966), “Privacy: Its Constitution and Vicissitudes”, Law and Contemporary Problems, 31, ss. 281-306.
Simmel, G. (1950), “The Secret and Secret Society”, K. W. Wolff'un derlediği The Sociology of George Simmel (New York: Free Press) adlı eserde.
Sweetser, D. A. (1966), “Avoidence, Social Affiliation, and the Incest Taboo”, Ethnology, 5, ss. 304-316.
Stephens, William N. (1982), The Family in Cross-cultural Perspective, Lenham, MD.: University Press of America.
Stephens, W. N. and R. G. D’Andrade (1962), “Kin-Avoidance”, The Oedipus Complex: Cross-cultural Evidence, The Free Press of Glencoe.
Sundstrom, E. (1986), Workplaces: The Psychology of the Physical Environment in Offices and Factories, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sundstrom, Eric (1991), “Work Environments: Offices and Factories” D. Stokols ile I. Altman'ın derlediği Handbook of Environmental Psychology (Malabar, Şorida: Krieger Publishing Co., 1991, cilt 1, ss. 733-782) adlı eserde.
Tambiah, S. J. (1969), “Animals are Good to Think and Good to Prohibit”, Ethnology, 8, ss. 423-460.
Titiev, M. (1951), Araucanian Culture in Transition, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Yörükân, Yusuf Ziya (1998), Anadolu'da Alevîler ve Tahtacılar, eklerle yayıma hazı rlayan Turhan Yörükân, Ankara: T. C. Kültür Bakanlığı.
Yörükân, Turhan (2000, 2006), Alfred Adler, Sosyal Roller ve Kişilik, Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
Yürükân, Turhan (2000), Yunan Mitolojisinde Aşk, Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları (2. baskı: Ankara: eBabil Yayınları, 2005).
Yörükân, Turhan (2003), “Hatırladığım ve Hatırlamak İstemediğim Gümüşsuyu”, Türk Yurdu, 23, ss. 21-29.
Yörükân, Turhan (2004) “Kültürün ve Tâli Kültürün Konut ve Yerleşme Düzeni Üzerine Etkisi”, Türk Yurdu, 24, ss. 38-49.
Yörükân, Turhan (2005), “Yitirilmiş Kimli ğiyle ‘Bestekâr’ Denen Sokak”, Kılavuz, 25, ss. 44-48.
Yörükân, Turhan (2005), “Yüksek Binalarda Yaşanan Sakıncalı Hayat”, Bilge, 46, ss. 4-12.
Yörükân, Turhan (2006), “Konutlarda Yaşanan Hayat Bakımından Kalabalıklığın ve İlgili Durumların Yarattığı Problemler”, Bilge, 49, ss. 22-44.
Yörükân, Turhan (2006), fiehir Yenilemesi Sırasında İş Birliği, 2. baskı, Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
Warren, C. and B. Laslett (1977), “Privacy and Secrecy: A Conceptual Comparison”, Journal of Social Issues, 33, ss.43-51.
Westin, A. F. (1967), Privacy and Free dom, New York: Atheneum.
Westin, A.F. (2003), “ Social and Political Dimensions of Privacy, ” Journal of Social Issues, 59, ss. 431-453.
Wilson G. and M. Baldassare (1996), “Overall 'Sense of Community' in a Suburban Region: The Effects of Localism, Privacy and Urbanization”, Environment and Behavior, 28, ss. 27-43.
Wineman, J. D. (1982), “The Office Environment as a Source of Stress”, G. W. Evans'ın derlediği Environmental Stress (New York: Cambridge University Press) adlı eserde.
Witkowski, S. R. (1972), “A Cross-cultural Test of the Proximity Hypothesis”, Behavior Science Notes, 7, ss. 243-263.
Wolfe, M. and R. Laufer (1975), “The Concept of Privacy in Childhood and Adolescence”, D. H. Carson'ın derlediği Man- Environment Interaction Evaluations and Applications (Stroudsburg, P.A.: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross) adlı eserde.
Wolfe, M. and R. S. Laufer (1975), “The Concept of Privacy in Childhood and Adolescence”, D. H. Carson'un derlediği Men- Environment Interactions: Evaluations and Applications (Stroudsburg, PA.: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross) adlı eserde.
Zeisel, J. (1973), “Symbolic Meaning of Space and Physical Dimention of Social Relations”, J. Walton ve D. Carns'ın derlediğ i Cities in Change (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, ss. 252-263) adlı eserde.