Seller, Bataklıklar ve Dönüşen Tarım Bilgisi: Bursa ve Mihaliç

Çevrenin tarihini araştırma yollarından biri olarak insanın çevreyle olan ilişkisinin ürünü olan tarımsal bilgiyi incelemek bize insanın çevresel değişimlere ve felaketlere verdiği tepkileri ve aldıkları pozisyonu görme imkanı verirken, aynı zamanda çevresel değişimin dönüştürücü etkisinin sınırlarını gösterir. Tarımsal bilgi çevresel/iklimsel değişimlerle uyum içinde dönüşmeye meyilli olsa da bu değişim mevcut güç ilişkileri ve piyasa koşullarından bağımsız değildir; bu faktörlerle mücadeleler birlikte gider. Fakat mücadeleler, güç odaklarından bir tarafın diğer tarafa galebesiyle ya da yok etmesiyle sonuçlanmaz; tam tersine birbirleriyle etkileşerek ve birbirlerine şekil vererek devam eder, bilgi bu doğrultuda şekillenir. Bu bağlamda bu yazıda gördüğümüz üzere komşu iki kaza olan Mihaliç ve Bursa’da 19. yüzyılda çevresel koşullar, piyasa ve güç ilişkileri üretimin ve tarımsal bilginin iki farklı şekilde dönüşümünü getirmiştir.

Floods, Swamps and Changing Agricultural Knowledge: Bursa and Mihaliç

As a way of studying environmental history, examining agricultural knowledge, which is the product of the relationship between humans and environment, enables us to observe the responses of humans to the environmental changes and disasters and how they position themselves against these disasters. At the same time, it shows us the limits of the transformative power of environmental change. Although agricultural knowledge tends to transform in conformity with environmental changes, the transformation is not independent from the power relations and market conditions; it goes hand in hand with struggles against these factors. Yet, the struggle does not end with the triumph or destruction of one of these power centers. On the contrary, it persists by interacting and shaping each other, and the agricultural knowledge is formed in this process. Within this framework, as we see in this article, in two neighboring districts, Bursa and Mihaliç, environmental conditions, market and power relations brought about two distinct ways of change in production and agricultural knowledge in the 19th century.

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Hüdavendigar Vilayeti Salnamesi, 1325 (1909/10) ve 1301 (1884/4)
Hüdavendigar Vilayet Meclisi Zabıtnamesi, 1330 (1914/5)
Umur-ı Nafia, 1 zilkade 1309 (28.5.1892)
Hüdavendigar, 24 haziran 1303 (6.7.1887)
Bursa (1893)
Yıldız Perakende Orman, Maden, Ziraat Maruzatı
Ticaret, Nafia, Ziraat, Orman, Maden Nezaretleri Belgeleri
Şura-yı Devlet Belgeleri
Maliye Nezareti Varidat Kalemi Temettuat Defterleri
İradeler Meclis-i Vala Belgeleri
İradeler Ticaret ve Nafia Belgeleri
Evkaf Nezareti Defterleri
Dahiliye Nezareti İdare Evrakı
Dahiliye Nezareti Muhaberat-ı Umumiye Dairesi
Dahiliye Nezareti Hukuk Evrakı
Dahiliye Nezareti Mektubi Kalemi Belgeleri
Cevdet İktisat Tasnifi Belgeleri
Cevdet Evkaf Nezareti Belgeleri
Bab-ı Ali Evrak Odası Ayniyat Defterleri
Bab-ı Defteri Başmuhasebe Kalemi Belgeleri
Babı-ı Ali Evrak Odası Belgeleri
Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA)