The Buffering Role of Social Support on the Relationship between Job Stress and Intention to Leave

This study aimed to test the buffering role of social support on the relationship between job stress and intention to leave through investigating different aspects of job stressors and support sources. Participants were 116 white-collar employees from various sectors in Turkey. The results indicate that supervisor support has reverse buffering effects on the relationship between “role and work overload” and “role insufficiency” with “intention to leave.” Also, coworker support has a reverse buffering effect on the relationship between “role and work overload” and “intention to leave.” This study is important since it demonstrates that the moderating role of social support may vary for distinct job stressors.

___

Abdel-Halim, A. A. (1982). “Social support and managerial affective responses to job stress”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 3, 281-295.

Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). “Multiple Regression Testing and Interpreting Interactions”, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Allisey, A. F., Noblet, A. J., Lamontagne, A. D., & Houdmont, J. (2013). “Testing a model of officer intentions to quit: The mediating effects of job stress and job satisfaction”, Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20, 1-21.

Antón, C. (2009). “The impact of role stress on workers' behaviour through job satisfaction and organizational commitment”, International Journal of Psychology, 44, 187-194.

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). “The job demands-resources model: State of the art”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328.

Baruch-Feldman, C., Brondolo, E., Ben-Dayan, D., & Schwartz, J. (2002). “Sources of social support and burnout, job satisfaction, and productivity”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 84-93.

Beehr, T. A. (1976). “Perceived situational moderators of the relationship between subjective role ambiguity and role strain”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 35–40.

Beehr, T. A., Bowling, N. A., & Bennett, M. M. (2010). “Occupational stress and failures of social support: When helping hurts”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15, 45-59.

Beehr, T. A., Farmer, S. J., Glazer, S., Gudanowski, D. M., & Nair, V. N. (2003). “The enigma of social support and occupational stress: Source congruence and gender role effects”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8, 220.

Beehr, T. A., Jex, S. M., Stacy, B. A., & Murray, M. A. (2000). “Work stressors and coworker support as predictors of individual strain and job performance”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 391-405.

Çalışır, F., Gümüşsoy, C. A., & Iskın, I. (2011). “Factors affecting intention to quit among IT professionals in Turkey”, Personnel Review, 40(4), 514 – 533.

Carsten, J. M., & Spector, P. E. (1987). “Unemployment, job satisfaction, and employee turnover: A meta-analytic test of the Muchinsky model”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 374-381.

Chiu, C. K., Chien, C. S., Lin, C. P., & Hsiao, C. Y. (2005). “Understanding hospital employee job stress and turnover intentions in a practical setting: The moderating role of locus of control”, Journal of Management Development, 24(10), 837-855.

Chiu, S. F., Yeh, T. P., & Huang, T. C. (2015). “Role stressors and employee deviance: The moderating effect of social support”, Personnel Review, 44(2), 308-324.

Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). “Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis”, Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357.

Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). “The job demands-resources model of burnout”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512.

Dormann, C., & Zapf, D. (1999). “Social support, social stressors at work, and depressive symptoms: Testing for main and moderating effects with structural equations in a three-wave longitudinal study”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 874-884.

Duraisingam, V., Pidd, K., & Roche, A. M. (2009). “The impact of work stress and job satisfaction on turnover intentions: A study of Australian specialist alcohol and other drug workers”, Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy, 16(3), 217-231.

Fenlason, K. J., & Beehr, T. A. (1994). “Social support and occupational stress: Effects of talking to others”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 157-175.

Gaither, C. A., Kahaleh, A. A., Doucette, W. R., Mott, D. A., Pederson, C. A., & Schommer, J. C. (2008). “A modified model of pharmacists' job stress: The role of organizational, extra-role, and individual factors on work-related outcomes”, Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 4, 231-243.

Gray, J. A., & Muramatsu, N. (2013). “When the job has lost its appeal: Intentions to quit among direct care workers”, Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 38, 124-133.

Hellman, C. M. (1997). “Job satisfaction and intent to leave”, The Journal of Social Psychology, 137(6), 677-689.

Huang, H. I. (2005). “Investigation of the fit among current and preferred organizational cultures, personality styles, and job attitudes in employees of international tourist hotels in Taiwan”, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Idaho State University, USA.

Hurrell, J. J., JR., Nelson, D. L., & Simmons, B. L. (1998). “Measuring job stressors and strains: Where we have been, where we are, and where we need to go”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3, 368–389.

Ismail, A., Suhaimi, F. F., Bakar, R. A., & Alam, S. S. (2013). “Job stress with supervisor’s social support as a determinant of work intrusion on family conflict”, Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 6, 1188-1209.

Jamal, M. (2005). “Personal and organizational outcomes related to job stress and Type-A behavior: A study of Canadian and Chinese employees”, Stress and Health, 21, 129-137.

Jamal, M. (2007). “Job stress and job performance controversy revisited: An empirical examination in two countries”, International Journal of Stress Management, 14, 175-187.

Jamal, M. (2013). “Job Stress among hospital employees in Middle East: Social support and Type A behaviour as moderators”, Middle East Journal of Business, 8(3), 7-17.

Johnson, J. V., & Hall, E. M. (1988). “Job strain, work place social support, and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population”, American Journal of Public Health, 78(10), 1336-1342.

Jou, R. C., Kuo, C. W., & Tang, M. L. (2013). “A study of job stress and turnover tendency among air traffic controllers: The mediating effects of job satisfaction”, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 57, 95-104.

Kabasakal, H., & Dastmalchian, A. (2001). “Introduction to the special issue on leadership and culture in the Middle East”, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50(4), 479-488.

Karasek, R. A. (1979). “Job demands, job decision latitude and mental strain: Implications for job redesign”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285– 308.

Kaufmann, G. M., & Beehr, T. A. (1986). “Interactions between job stressors and social support: Some counterintuitive results”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 522-526.

Kim, H., & Stoner, M. (2008). “Burnout and turnover intention among social workers: Effects of role stress, job autonomy and social support”, Administration in Social Work, 32, 5-25.

Klassen, R. M., & Chiu, M. M. (2011). “The occupational commitment and intention to quit of practicing and pre-service teachers: Influence of self-efficacy, job stress, and teaching context”, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36, 114-129.

Ko, J. W., & Yom, Y. H. (2003). “The role of social support in the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction/organizational commitment”, Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi, 33(2), 265-274.

Larocco, J. M., House, J. S., & French JR, J. R. (1980). “Social support, occupational stress, and health”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21(3), 202-218.

Lazarus, R. S. (1991). “Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion”, American Psychologist, 46, 819–834.

Leather, P., Lawrence, C., Beale, D., Cox, T., & Dickson, R. (1998). “Exposure to occupational violence and the buffering effects of intra-organizational support”, Work & Stress, 12, 161-178.

Leong, C. S., Furnham, A., & Cooper, C. L. (1996). “The moderating effect of organizational commitment on the occupational stress outcome relationship”, Human Relations, 49, 1345-1363.

Michaels, C. E., & Spector, P. E. (1982). “Causes of employee turnover: A test of the Mobley, Griffeth, Hand, and Meglino model”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 53-59.

Mobley , W. H. (1977). “Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 237- 240.

Mobley, W. H., Griffeth, R. W., Hand, H. H., & Meglino, B. M. (1979). “Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process”, Psychological Bulletin, 86, 493-522.

Netemeyer, R. G., Johnston, M. W., & Burton, S. (1990)^. “Analysis of role conflict and role ambiguity in a structural equations framework”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 148-157.

Nissly, J. A., Mor Barak, M. E., & Levin, A. (2005). “Stress, social support, and workers' intentions to leave their jobs in public child welfare”, Administration in Social Work, 29, 79-100.

Özalp Türetgen, I., Sertel Berk, Ö., Basbug, G., & Unsal, P. (2012). "The development of the job stressor appraisal scale as part of the job stress battery", European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28(2), 147-153.

Parkes, K. R., Mendham, C. A., & Von Rabenau, C. (1994). “Social support and the demand–discretion model of job stress: Tests of additive and interactive effects in two samples”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 44, 91-113.

Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). “Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it”, Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 539-569.

Pomaki, G., Delongis, A., Frey, D., Short, K., & Woehrle, T. (2010). “When the going gets tough: Direct, buffering and indirect effects of social support on turnover intention”, Teaching and Teacher Education, 26, 1340-1346.

Rahim, M. A. (1997). “Relationships of stress, locus of control, and social support to psychiatric symptoms and propensity to leave a job: A field study with managers”, Journal of Business and Psychology, 12, 159-174.

Rahim, M. A., & Psenicka, C. (1996). “A structural equations model of stress, locus of control, social support, psychiatric symptoms, and propensity to leave a job”, The Journal of Social Psychology, 136(1), 69-84.

Rasch, R. H., & Harrell, A. (1989), “The impact of individual differences on MAS personnel satisfaction and turnover intentions”, Journal of Information Systems, 4(1), 13-22.

Rauktis, M. E., & Koeske, G. F. (1994). “Maintaining social worker morale: When supportive supervision is not enough”, Administration in Social Work, 18, 39-60.

Reininghaus, U., Craig, T., Gournay, K., Hopkinson, P., & Carson, J. (2007). “The High Secure Psychiatric Hospitals’ Nursing Staff Stress Survey 3: Identifying stress resistance resources in the stress process of physical assault”, Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 397-408.

Schreurs, B. H., Hetty Van Emmerik, I. J., Günter, H., & Germeys, F. (2012). “A weekly diary study on the buffering role of social support in the relationship between job insecurity and employee performance”, Human Resource Management, 51, 259-279.

Sertel Berk, H. Ö., Özalp Türetgen, I., Ünsal, P., & Başbuğ, G. (2010a). "İş Stresi Bataryası: Bazı Biçimlendirici Değişkenler ve Stres Belirtileri Ölçekleri", 16. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi'nde sunulmuş sözlü bildiri, 14-17 Nisan, Mersin Üniversitesi, Mersin.

Sertel Berk, H. Ö., Özalp Türetgen, I., Ünsal, P., Basbug, G. (2010b). "Job Stress Battery: Scales of Job Control and Occupational Outcome Variables", 9th Conference of the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology'de sunulmuş poster, 29-31 Mart, Roma, İtalya.

Shader, K., Broome, M. E., Broome, C. D., West, M. E., & Nash, M. (2001). “Factors influencing satisfaction and anticipated turnover for nurses in an academic medical center”, Journal of Nursing Administration, 31(4), 210-216.

Siegrist, J. (1996). “Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 27-41.

Simmons, C., Cochran, J. K., & Blount, W. R. (1997). “The effects of job-related stress and job satisfaction on probation officers’ inclinations to quit”, American Journal of Criminal Justice, 21, 213-229.

Siu, O. L., Cooper, C. L., & Donald, I. (1997). “Occupational stress, job satisfaction and mental health among employees of an acquired TV company in Hong Kong”, Stress Medicine, 13, 99-107.

Terry, D. J., Nielsen, M., & Perchard, L. (1993). “Effects of work stress on psychological well-being and job satisfaction: The stress-buffering role of social support”, Australian Journal of Psychology, 45, 168-175.

Thoits, P. A. (1982). “Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical problems in studying social support as a buffer against life stress”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23, 145-159.

Vagg, P. R., & Spielberger, C. D. (1999). “The Job Stress Survey: Assessing perceived severity and frequency of occurrence of generic sources of stress in the workplace”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4, 288-292.

Vermeulen, M., & Mustard, C. (2000). “Gender differences in job strain, social support at work, and psychological distress”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 428-440.

Viswesvaran, C., Sanchez, J. I., & Fisher, J. (1999). “The role of social support in the process of work stress: A meta-analysis”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 314-334.
İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi-Cover
  • ISSN: 1309-0712
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 4 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 2009
  • Yayıncı: Melih Topaloğlu