Büveyhîler Dönemi Bağdat’ında Yaşayan Sünnî Bir Âlim ve Diplomat: Bâkıllânî’nin Farklı İnanç Mensuplarıyla Etkileşimi

Onuncu yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren İslam dünyasında köklü siyasi ve dinî değişimler meydana gelmiştir. İran’da Şiî kökenli bir hanedanlık kuran Büveyhîler Bağdat’ı 945 tarihinde kontrol ettikten sonra Abbâsî halifeliğine tahakküm etmeye başlamışlardır. Geleneksel tarih anlatısında Büveyhîlerin özellikle Irak’ta Şiîliği ön plana çıkardığı ve Sünnîlere baskı yaptığı şeklinde bir algı bulunmaktadır. Büveyhîler Şiîlikle özdeşleştirilmişse de farklı din ve mezhep mensupları (Hristiyanlar, Mu‘tezilîler, Şiîler ve Sünnîler) Büveyhî sarayında iyi bir şekilde temsil edilmiş ve kendi fikirlerini özgürce ifade etme imkânı bulmuşlardır. Yine Bizans İmparatorluğu ile olan diplomatik ve kültürel etkileşim sayesinde Büveyhîler, Hristiyanlığa dair mevzularla da yakından ilgilenme imkânına sahip olmuşlardır. Bu makalede, onuncu yüzyılın önemli Eş‘arî âlimlerinden biri olan ve yaşamını Büveyhî hanedanlığı döneminde geçiren Bâkıllânî’nin (ö. 403/1013) hayatı ve eserleri üzerinde durulacak ve onun Büveyhî hanedanı ile olan olumlu münasebeti ortaya konacaktır. Böylelikle, Büveyhîler döneminde çoğunlukla mezhep ve din çatışmalarına şahit olmaktan ziyade daha esnek din ve mezhep sınırlarının ortaya çıktığı, değişik din ve mezhep grupları arasındaki farklılıkların müzakere edildiği vurgulanacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Ortaçağ Tarihi, Büveyhîler, Dinî Etkileşim, Sünnîlik, Şiîlik

A Muslim Scholar and Diplomat in Baghdad at the Time of the Būyids: The Encounters of al-Bāqillānī within a Multi-Confessional Environment

The late tenth century witnessed fundamental political and religious transformations in the Muslim world. After emerging as a Shī‘ī Dynasty in Iran in the first half of the tenth century, the Būyids controlled Baghdad in 945 and began to dominate the Sunnī Abbāsid Caliphate. In academia, it is generally believed that the Būyid Dynasty exclusively supported the Shī‘ī faith and popularized Shī‘ī practices while marginalizing and oppressing Sunnism in Iraq. Even though the Būyids were identified with Shī‘ism, different confessional groups (Christians, Mu’tazilīs, Shī‘īs, and Sunnīs) were well-represented in the Būyid court. In addition to encountering the Byzantines diplomatically and culturally, the Būyids were also engaged with Christianity. In my paper, through the life and works of a famous Sunnī theologian, al-Bāqillānī (d. 403/1013), I examine how the Būyids interacted with different religious groups. I also analyze how they established more flexible and porous confessional boundaries rather than engaging in sectarianism and religious conflict.

Keywords:

Medieval History, Būyids, Religious Encounters, Sunnīsm, Shī‘īsm,

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