KAPİTALİST EĞİLİMİN KARŞITI OLARAK LUTHERİZM

Ekonomik konularla ilgili olarak, Luther, yalnızca tutucu değil fakat bu muhafazakarlığının yanında gerici bir kimseydi. Kırdaki doğal yaşamı daima kent hayatına tercih etmiş olan Luther, bu nedenle tarımsal sanayinin sağlıklı gelişmesinin zorunluluğu üzerinde ısrarlı olmuş, sürekli olarak kentsel sanayi ve ticaret mesleklerine katılanları günahın hizmetkarı olmakla suçlamıştır. Özellikle de tefecilik ve sabit fiyatlar gibi konular hakkında, Luther, havarilik hayatını ısrar etmiş olmakla Orta Çağların ilk dönemlerindeki son derece katı ve ödün vermez bir merhametsizlikteki standartlarına geri dönüş yapmış, on beşinci asırda ortaya çıkmaya başlayan kapitalist ticaret ve sanayi hareketlerinin gelişmesini kolaylaştırması için son dönem skolastikler tarafından düşünülen arıtmaları dahi reddetmiştir. Luther'e göre her fazla ödeme tefecilikti. Luther'in tefeciliği kınaması en aşırı şiddette olmasına rağmen, ahlaki ya da hukuksal bir temele dayanmıyordu. Luther'in bu suçlamaları, bundan dolayı, Thomas Aquinas'ın gerçekçi ifadelerinden ziyade ilk kilise babalarının ahlaki uyarılarına daha çok benzemektedir. Luther'in fikirlerinin Orta Çağ Katolikliğinin tutumundan farksız olmasının bir nedeni de, Luther'in faiz ile insafsız tefecilik arasında hiçbir fark gözetmemiş olmasıdır

LUTHERANISM AS OPPOSED TO THE CAPITALIST TENDENCY

On economic matters, Luther was not merely conservative but reactionary. Luther had a natural preference for country over town life, and consequently insisted on the necessity for a healthy growth of agricultural industry, and consistently charge with the evils which were often attendant upon urban commercial and industrial careers. Especially on such matters as usury and fixed prices, Luther turned back to the the harsh and unbending standards of early Middle Ages through insisted on Apostleship, and refused to consider the refinements which the later scholastics had suggested in order to facilitate the development of the capitalist movements in commerce and industry that were beginning to appear in the fifteenth century. According to Luther every surplus pay was mean usury. Luther’s denunciations of usury are violent in the extreme, but they do not rest upon any ethical or juristic basis. They thus more resemble the moral exhortations of the early fathers of the Church than the realistic expositions of Thomas Aquinas. One result of this indifference his ideas with Medieval Catholic treatment was that Luther drew no distinction between interest and unmerciful usury

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