Bir Ürün Olarak Patent ve Patent Pazarlarındaki Aracılar
Ülkelerin ekonomik kalkınmaları, günümüzde bilginin değere dönüşüm sürecin- de önemli bir rol oynayan yeniliğin ticari değer yaratması ile sağlanabilir. Bu kap- samda yeniliğin göstergelerinden biri olan patentler, tescil işlemlerinin ardından bir hakka, bu haklar ise alım satıma konu olabilecek bir ürüne dönüşmektedir. Pa- tent başvurularında ve patent tescil sayılarında dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiyede de artış görülmektedir. Büyük firmaların baskın olduğu patent pazarlarında, pa- tent savaşları başlamış ve pazarın büyüklüğü artmış, dolayısıyla aracıların rolü çok daha önem kazanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, patent pazarlarında karşılaşı- lan aracıların bir bütün olarak ortaya konulmasıdır. Literatür taraması sonucun- da ulaşılan kaynaklardaki bütün patent aracıları şekillendirilerek bir bütün oluş- turulmaya çalışılmıştır. Patent pazarlarında faaliyette bulunan aracılar: üniversi- teler, teknoloji firmaları, patent brokerları, patent havuzları, üretmeyen teşekkül- ler ve patent toplayıcılarıdır.
Patent as a Product and Intermediaries in the Patent Market
Today, development of national economies can be achieved by creating com- mercial value that is driven by innovation, which plays an important role in the transformation process of knowledge to value. Patents, which are among the in- dicators of innovation, transform into rights subsequent to registration. In the end, these rights become products available for purchase and sale. Patent appli- cation and registration numbers in Turkey gradually increased in recent years si- milar to world statistics. The growing patent markets, dominated by giant firms, became battlefields; consequently the role of the intermediaries came into promi- nence. The purpose of the study is to shed light on the intermediaries as a who- le in the patent market. In this context six type of intermediaries discussed in the relevant literature, which are universities, technological firms, patent brokers, pa- tent pools, non-practicing entities and patent aggregators, are explained.
___
- ABRIL, Patricia S. and PLANT, Robert; (2007), The Patent Holder's Dilemma: Buy, Sell, or Troll?, Communications of the ACM, 50(1), pp.36-44.
- AKYOS, Müfit; (2005), Sürekli Yenilikçilik (İnovasyon) için Teknolojik Yetenek Değerlendirmesi, http://www.inovasyon. org/getfile.asp?file=MA.TYD.pdf, 17.01.2014.
- BAYRAMOĞLU, Seda Nurtaç; (2012), Rekabet Hukukunda Fikri Mülkiyet Haklarının Toplu Yönetimi: Patent Havuzları ve Standart Belirleme, Rekabet Kurumu, Uzmanlık Tezleri Serisi No.122, Yayın No.287, Ankara.
- BENASSİ, Mario, and Dİ MİNİN, Alberto; (2009), Playing in Between: Patent Brokers in Markets for Technology, R&D Management, 39(1), pp. 68-86.
- BLACK, Ed; (2013), Patent Trolls: The Innovation Hijack- ers, http://www.forbes.com/sites/edblack/2013/02/28/153/, 02.01.2014.
- BÜYÜKTANIR, Burcu G. Özcan; (2012), Türk Hukukunda İlaç Patentine Genel Bakış, Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2) 2012, ss. 7688.
- BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION; (2014), Google Sells Motorola Mobility Unit to Lenovo For $3bn, http://www. bbc.co.uk/news/business-25956284, 18.01.2014. CHOI, Jay Pil; (2003), Patent Pools and Cross-Licensing in The Shadow of Patent Litigation, Cesifo Working Paper No. 1070, Category 9: Industrial Organisation, http://www. ier.hit-u.ac.jp/English/news/documents/090220-2-Choi.pdf, 07.01.2014.
- CHRIS, Freeman ve SOETE, Luc; (2003), Yenilik İktisadı, Çev.: Ergün TÜRKCAN, TÜBİTAK Yayınları, Ankara.
- DURUKAN, Tülin; (2003), Pazar Ekonomisi Uygulayan Ülkel- erin Yeni Ürün Geliştirme ve Ar-Ge Harcamaları (Gelişmiş Batı Ülkeleri ve Türkiye Karşılaştırması), Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), ss. 170-181.
- ELÇİ, Şirin; (2006), İnovasyon: Kalkınma ve Rekabetin Anahtarı, Nova Yayınları, Ankara.
- ELTON, J. Jeffrey, SHAH, Baiju R. and VOYZEY, John N.; (2002), Intellectual Property: Partneringfor Profit, McKinsey Quarterly, 4, pp. 59-67.
- EUROPEAN COMMISSION; (1995), Green Paper on Inno- vation, www.Europa.eu/documents/comm/green_papers/pdf/ com95_688_en.pdf, 13.01.2014.
- FELDMAN, Robin and EWING, Tom; (2012). The Giants Among Us, Stanford Technology Law Review, pp. 1-20.
- FISCHER, Timo and HENKEL, Joachim; (2009), Patent Trolls on Markets for Technology an Empirical Analysis of Trolls Patent Acquisitions, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.asp x?direct=true&db=edb&AN=54484866&lang=tr&site=eds- live&authtype=ip,uid, 18.01.2014.
- FROST, George E.; (1967), The 1967 Patent Law Debate: First-To-Invent vs. First-To-File, Duke Law Journal, pp. 923- 942.
- GALLAGHER, Billy; (2012), Apple Awarded $1.049 Billion In Damages As Jury Finds Samsung Infringed On Design And Software Patents, http://techcrunch.com/2012/08/24/ apple-wins-patent-ruling-as-jury-finds-samsung-infringes/, 03.01.2014.
- GILBERT, Richard; (2004), Antitrust For Patent Pools: A Cen- tury of Policy Evolution, Stanford Technology Law Review 3, pp. 1-49.
- GOBBLE, MaryAnne M.; (2011), Arming for a Patent War, Views and News of the Current Research-Technology Manage- ment Scene, 54(6). pp. 2-3.
- GOBBLE, MaryAnne M.; (2012), Apple Scores a Win in the Smartphone Wars, Research Technology Management, 55(6), pp. 4-5.
- GOOGLE INC; (2011), Facts about Googles acquisition of Mo- torola, http://www.google.com/press/motorola/, 03.01.2014.
- GRASSLER, Frank and CAPRIA, Mary Ann; (2003), Patent Pooling: Uncorking a Technology Transfer Bottleneck and Cre- ating Value in the Biomedical Research Field, Journal of Com- mercial Biotechnology, 9(2), pp. 111-118.
- GRINSTEIN, Amir and GOLDMAN, Arieh; (2006), Character- izing The Technology Firm: An Exploratory Study, Research Policy, 35, pp. 121-143.
- HAGIU, Andrei and YOFFIE, David B.; (2013), The New Pat- ent Intermediaries: Platforms, Defensive Aggregators, and Super-Aggregators, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(1), pp. 45-65.
- HAGIU, Andrei, YOFFIE, David B. and WAGONFELD, Alison Berkley; (2011), Intellectual Ventures, HBS Case N.710-423, Harvard Business Schools Publishing.
- HOBİKOĞLU, Elif Haykır; (2009), Yeni Ekonomide İnovasyon ve Sürdürülebilir Rekabetin Yarattığı Katma Değerin Bilgi Toplumunda Etkisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler En- stitüsü İktisat Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi, İstanbul.
- INTELLECTUAL VENTURES, http://www.intellectualventures. com/services-solutions, 11.02.2014.
- INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TIMES; (2011); Google Ac- quires 1,030 Patents from IBM, Legal Battle Heats Up, http:// www.ibtimes.com/google-acquires-1030-patents-ibm-legal- battle-heats-820449, 09.01.2014. JONES, Ashby; (2012), Patent TrollTactics Spread, The Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com /news/articles/SB10001424052702303292204577514782932 390996,12.01.2014.
- KARAÖZ, Murat ve ALBENİ, Mesut; (2004), Türkiyede Teknoloji Çabalarına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme: Türkiyede Pat- ent Aktivitesi III. Bilgi Teknolojileri Kongresi, Bilgitek, Pamuk- kale Üniversitesi, Denizli.
- KAPLAN, Sarah, SCHENKEL, Andrew, VON KROGH, Georg and WEBER, Charles.; (2001), Knowledge-Based Theories Of The Firm in Strategic Management: A Review And Exten- sion. Yayınlanmamış Makale, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.8.8829&rep=rep1&type=pdf, 13.01.2014.
- KAYA, A. Ayşen; (2008), Uygun Teknoloji Seçimi ve Kalkınma, Kalkınma Ekonomisi: Seçme Konular (Ed. Sami Taban ve Muh- sin Kar), Ekin Basım Yayım Dağıtım, ss. 271-297, Bursa.
- KERSTETTER, Jim and LOWENSOHN, Josh; (2012), Inside Intellectual Ventures, the most hated company in tech, http:// news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-57496641-38/inside-intellectu- al-ventures-the-most-hated-company-in-tech, 19.01.2014.
- LAYNE-FARRAR, Anne and LERNER, Josh; (2011), To Join or Not to Join: Examining Patent Pool Participation and Rentshar- ing Rules, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 29, ss. 294-303.
- LAYNE-FARRAR, Anne; (2012), The Brothers Grimm Book of Business Models: A Survey of Literature and Developments in Patent Acquisition and Litigation, pp.1-29.
- LEE, Alexander; (2006), Examining the Viability of Patent Pools for The Growing Nanotechnology Patent Thicket, http:// www.nanotechproject.org/process/assets/files/2722/70_nano_ patent_pools.pdf., 11.01.2014 LEE, Hyun Joo and KIM, Jin Ki; (2013), Strategy Scenario Se- lection In The Competition of Mobile Ecosystems, https://www. econstor.eu/dspace/bitstream/10419/88455/1/774041218.pdf, 17.02.2014.
- LEMLEY, Mark A.; (2008), Are Universities Patent Trolls? Me- dia and Entertainment Law Journal, 18(3), pp. 609-631.
- LERNER, Josh, STROJWAS, Marcin and TIROLE, Jean; (2007), The Design of Patent Pools: The Determinants of Li- censing Rules, The Rand Journal of Economics 38, No.3, pp. 610625.
- MERGES, Robert; (1999), Institutions for Intellectual Property Transactions: The Case of Patent Pools, ss. 1-74, https://2048. berkeley.edu/files/pools.pdf 23.01.2014.
- MERGES, Robert; (2009), The Trouble with Trolls: Innovation, Rent-Seeking and Patent Law Reform, Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 1(4), ss. 1583-1614. OECD ve EUROSTAT; (2006), Oslo Kılavuzu: Yenilik Verilerinin Toplanması ve Yorumlanması İçin İlkeler, 3. Baskı, TÜBİTAK, Ankara.
- OĞUZTÜRK, Bekir Sami; (2011), Güney Kore'nin Kalkinma- sinda İnovasyonun Rolü, Vizyoner Dergisi, 3(5), ss. 48-53. ORR, Justin R.; (2013), Patent Aggregation: Models, Harms, and the Limited Role of Antitrust, Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 28, pp. 525-568.
- PAPST, Daniel; (2012), NPEs and Patent Aggregators--New, Complementary Business Models for Modern IP Markets, Li- censing Journal, 32(10), pp. 1-5.
- PÉNIN, Julien; (2012), Strategic Uses Of Patents In Markets For Technology: A Story Of Fabless Firms, Brokers And Trolls, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 84(2), pp. 633- 641. RISCH, Michael; (2012), Patent Troll Myths, Seton Hall Law Review, 42(2), pp. 1-41.
- RISCH, Michael; (2013), Patent Portfolios as Securities, Duke Law Journal, 63(1), pp. 90-153. SHAPIRO, Carl; (2001), Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard Setting. Adam B. JAFFE, Josh LERNER ve Scott STERN (Ed.), Innovation Policy and the Economy, MIT Press, ISBN: 0-262-60041-2, pp. 119-150.
- SÖYLEMEZ, Alev; (2006), Bilgi Ekonomisi, 5. Uluslararası Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 1, Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Horasan Basım Yayın, İstanbul, Kasım 2006, ss. 59.
- REKABET FORUMU (REF), TÜSİAD VE SABANCI ÜNİVERSİTESİ; (2006), Ulusal İnovasyon Girişimi İnovasyon Çerçeve Raporu, http://ref.sabanciuniv.edu/sites/ref.sabanci- univ.edu/files/inovasyon_cerceve_raporu. pdf, 29.01.2014.
- TABUCHI, Hiroko ve WINGFIELD, Nick; (2012), Tokyo Court Hands Win to Samsung over Apple, The New York Times, 01.01.2014.
- THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE; What can and cannot be patented?, http://www.uspto.gov/in- ventors/patents.jsp#heading-4, 29.01.2014
- TÜRK PATENT ENSTİTÜSÜ; Türk Patent Enstitüsü'nün Görevleri, http://www.tpe.gov.tr/portal/default2.jsp?sayfa=601, 05.01.2014.
- TÜRK PATENT ENSTİTÜSÜ; Patent Nedir? Buluş Nedir?, http://www.tpe.gov.tr/portal/default2.jsp?sayfa=125&konu=1, 16.01.2014.
- TÜRK PATENT ENSTİTÜSÜ; (2012), Patent / Faydali Model Kılavuzu, http://www.turkpatent.gov.tr/dosyalar/yayinlar/bas- vuru_kilavuz/PATENT_BK.pdf, 19.01.2014.
- TÜRK PATENT ENSTİTÜSÜ; (2014), Patent Başvurularının Yıllara Göre Dağılımı, http://www.turkpatent.gov.tr/dosyalar/ istatistik/;patent/Patent_basvuru_yillara_gore_dagilim.pdf, 15.01.2014.
- TÜRK PATENT ENSTİTÜSÜ; (2014), Patent Tescillerinin Yıllara Göre Dağılımı,http://www.turkpatent.gov.tr/dosya- lar/istatistik/patent/Patent_tescil_yillara_gore_dagilim.pdf, 15.01.2014. U.S. Department of Justiceand the Federal Trade Commission; (1995), Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property, http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/guidelines/0558. htm, 09.01.2014.
- WANG, Allen W.; (2010), Rise of the Patent Intermediaries, Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 25, pp. 159-200.
- WOYKE, Elizabeth; (2014), An Insider on the Nortel Patent Auction and Its Consequences, Forbes Dergisi, http://www. forbes.com/sites/elizabethwoyke/2011/07/07/aninsider-on-the- nortelpatentauction - and-its-consequences, 05.01.2014.