AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN DIŞ İLİŞKİLERİNDE GÖÇ VE DEĞİŞEN KİMLİK ANLAYIŞI

Avrupa Birliği, her ne kadar gerçek anlamda 'ortak' bir dış politika oluşturmakta zorlansa da, dış ilişkilerinde oldukça aktif olan ekonomik ve siyasi bir güçtür. Uluslararası sistemde etkin bir aktör olan Birliğin dış ilişkilerine yön veren, Avrupa Birliği'nin kuruluş temellerini oluşturan demokrasi, insan hakları ve temel özgürlüklere saygı, hukukun üstünlüğü, adalet gibi norm ve değerler - ya da kısaca Birliğin normatif kimliği - olarak görülmektedir. Bu makalenin temel amacı, Avrupa Birliği'nin göç politikasını dış ilişkileri çerçevesinde değerlendirmek ve normatif güç kimliğinin son dönemde yaşanan 'göç krizi' ve Birliğin bu 'kriz' döneminde ürettiği politikalardan nasıl etkilendiğini analiz etmektir

MIGRATION AND THE CHANGING IDENTITY CONCEPTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN ITS EXTERNAL RELATIONS

While developing a truly ‘common’ foreign policy has proven to be difficult for the European Union, it is a considerably active economic and political power in its external relations. What guide the Union’s external relations as an effective actor in the international system are deemed to be the norms and values including democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, the rule of law, justice – in short, the Union’s normative identity – that also serve as its very foundations. The key aim of this article is to assess the European Union’s migration policy in the framework of its external relations and to analyse the effects of the recent migration crisis and the Union’s policy response to the crisis on the its so-called normative power identity

PDF

___

Aggestam, L. (2008). Introduction: Ethical Power Europe? International Affairs, 84(1), ss. 1-11.
Allen, D. (1998). ‘Who speaks for Europe?’ The search for an effective and coherent external policy. John Peterson ve Helene Sjursen (der.), A Common Foreign Policy for Europe? Competing Visions of the CFSP. Abingdon: Routledge, ss. 41-58.
Avrupa Birliği Konseyi (2012). Council Conclusions on the Global Approach to Migration and Mobility. 9417/12.
Avrupa Komisyonu (2005). Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, Priority actions for responding to the challenges of migration: First follow-up to Hampton Court. COM(2005) 661 final.
Avrupa Komisyonu (2011). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, The Global Approach to Migration and Mobility. COM(2011) 743 final.
Avrupa Komisyonu (2015). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A European Agenda on Migration. COM(2015) 240 final.
Avrupa Komisyonu (2016a). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and Council on the State of Play of Implementation of the Priority Actions under the European Agenda of Migration. COM(2016) 85 final.
Avrupa Komisyonu (2016b). Delivering on Migration. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/2-yearson-migration_en.pdf.
Avrupa Komisyonu (2017). Europe’s Migration and Asylum Policy: Small Steps to Make a Big Difference. https://ec.europa.eu/homeaffairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/europeanagenda-migration/backgroundinformation/20170203_factsheet_eu_migration_and_asylum_policy _small_steps_to_make_a_big_difference_en.pdf.
Avrupa Konseyi (1988). Conclusions of the Presidency, European Council, Rhodes 2-3 December 1988. SN 4443/1/88.
Avrupa Konseyi (1999). Tampere European Council Presidency Conclusions, 15-15 October 1999.
Avrupa Konseyi (2006). Brussels European Council 15-16 December 2005 Presidency Conclusions. 15914/05 REV 1 CONCL 3.
Avrupa Konseyi (2016). European Council Conclusions on Migration, 18 February 2016. Press Release 72/16, 19/02/2016.
Ayhan, K., vd. (2013). Giriş. Ayhan Kaya vd. (der.), Avrupa Birliği’ne Giriş: Tarih, Kurumlar ve Politikalar. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, ss. 1-22.
Bache, I., vd. (2015). Politics in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bigo, D. (2000). When Two Become One: Internal and External Securitisations in Europe. Morten Kelstrup ve Michael C. Williams (der.), International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration. London: Routledge, ss. 171-204.
Boswell, C. (2003). The ‘external dimension’ of EU immigration and asylum policy. International Affairs, 79(3), ss. 619-638.
Bretherton, C. ve Vogler, J. (2006). The European Union as a Global Actor. Abingdon: Routledge.
Bull, H. (1982). Civilian Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 21(2), ss. 149-164.
Campbell, D. (1998). Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Manchester: University of Manchester Press.
Cottey, A. (2013). Security in 21st Century Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Davignon Report (Report by the Foreign Ministers of the Member States on the Problems of Political Unification) (1970). Bulletin of the European Communities, 11, ss. 9-14.
Delanty, G. (2014). Avrupa’nın İcadı: Fikir, Kimlik, Gerçekli. (çev. Hüsamettin İnaç). Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
Deutsche Welle (2015), Avrupa Kalesi: Göç politikası krizde, 27 Ağustos 2015. http://www.dw.com/tr/avrupa-kalesi-göç-politikası-krizde/a- 18677156.
Diez, T. (2005). Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering ‘Normative Power Europe’. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 33(3), ss. 613-636.
Diez, T. (2013). Normative Power as Hegemony. Cooperation and Conflict, 48(2), ss. 194-210.
Dinç, C. (2011). Avrupa Kimliği: Çatışan Perspektifler, Güncel Değerlendirmeler ve Endişeler. Akademik Bakış, 5(9), ss. 31-58.
Duchêne, F. (1972). Europe’s Role in World Peace. Richard Mayne (der.), Europe Tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans Look Ahead. London: Fontana, ss. 32-47.
Erhan, Ç. ve Akçay, E. Y. (2013). AB, NATO ve Türkiye İlişkileri. Belgin Akçay ve Sinem Akgül Açıkmeşe (der.), Yarım Asrın Ardından Türkiye – Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri. Ankara: Turhan, ss. 171-185.
Ertuğrul, K. (2001). AB ve Avrupalılık. Doğu Batı, 4(14), ss. 144-155.
Europol (2017). SOCTA 2017 – Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment: Crime in the Age of Technology. The Hague: European Police Force.
Forsberg, T. (2011). Normative Power Europe, Once Again: A Conceptual Analysis of an Ideal Type. Journal of Common Market Studies, 49(6), ss. 1183-1204.
Frontex (2017). Risk Analysis for 2017. Warsaw: European Border and Coast Guard Agency.
Grabbe, H. (2000). The sharp edges of Europe: extending Schengen eastwards. International Affairs, 76(3), ss. 519-536.
Hansen, L. (2006). Security as Practice: Discourse Analysis and the Bosnian War. Abingdon: Routledge.
Hill, C. (1993). The Capability-Expectations Gap, or Conceptualizing Europe’s International Role. Journal of Common Market Studies, 31(3), ss. 305-328.
Huysmans, J. (2000). Contested Community: Migration and the question of the political in the EU. Morten Kelstrup ve Michael C. Williams (der.), International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration. London: Routledge, ss. 149-170.
Keukelerie, S. ve Delreux, T. (2014). The Foreign Policy of the European Union. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Keukeleire, S. ve MacNaughtan, J. (2008). The Foreign Policy of the European Union. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kopenhag Bildirgesi (Declaration on European Identity) (1973). Bulletin of the European Communities, No. 73, ss. 118-122.
Kula, O. B. (2006). Avrupa Kimliği ve Türkiye. İstanbul: Büke.
Laïdi, Z. (2011). European preferences and their reception. Zaki Laïdi (der.), EU Foreign Policy in a Globalized World. Abingdon: Routledge, ss. 1-20.
Lavenex, S. ve Wichmann, N. (2009). The External Governance of EU Internal Security. Journal of European Integration, 31(1), ss. 83- 102.
Lavenex, S. (2010). Justice and Home Affairs: Communitarization with Hesitation. Helen Wallace, vd. (der.), Policy-Making in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press, ss. 457-477.
Lavenex, S. (2015). Justice and Home Affairs: Institutional Change and Policy Continuity. Helen Wallace, vd. (der.), Policy-Making in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press, ss. 367-387.
Lizbon Antlaşması (Avrupa Birliği Antlaşması ve Avrupa Birliği’nin İşleyişi Hakkında Antlaşma’da Değişiklik Yapan Lizbon Antlaşması) (2007).
Lucarelli, D. (2006). Interpreted values: A normative reading of EU role conceptions and performance. Ole Elgström ve Michael Smith (der.), The European Union’s Roles in International Politics: Concepts and Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, ss. 47-65.
Majone, G. (2009). Dilemmas of European Integration: The Ambiguities and Pitfalls of Integration by Stealth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Manners, I. (2002). Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?. Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), ss. 235-258.
Manners, I. (2006). The constitutive nature of values, images and principles in the European Union. Sonia Lucarelli ve Ian Manners (der.), Values and Principles in European Union Foreign Policy. Abingdon: Routledge, ss. 19-41.
Manners, I. (2010). The normative power of the European Union in a globalised world. Zaki Laïdi (der.), EU Foreign Policy in a Globalized World. Abingdon: Routledge, ss. 23-37.
Manners, I. (2011). The European Union’s Normative Power: Critical Perspectives and Perspectives on the Critical. Richard Whitman (der.), Normative Power Europe: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, ss. 226-247.
Manners, I. (2013). Assessing the decennial, reassessing the global: Understanding European Union normative power in global politics. Cooperation and Conflict, 48(2), ss. 304-329.
Mogherini, F. (2015). Remarks by High Representative/Vice President Federica Mogherini at the EUISS Annual Conference, 9 October 2015.
https://europa.eu/globalstrategy/en/remarks-high-representativevicepresident-federica-mogherini-euiss-annual-conference.
Monar, J. (2001). The Dynamics of Justice and Home Affairs: Laboratories, Driving Factors and Costs. Journal of Common Market Studies, 39(4), ss. 747-764.
Monar, J. (2012). Justice and Home Affairs. Erik Jones, vs. (der.), The Oxford Handbook of the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press, ss. 613-626.
Nikolaidis, K. (2004). The Power of the Superpowerless. Tod Lindberg (der.), Beyond Paradise and Power: Europe, America and the Future of a Troubled Partnership. New York: Routledge, ss. 93- 120.
Nuttall, S. (2005). Coherence and Consistency. Christopher Hill ve Michael Smith (der.), International Relations and the European Union. New York: Oxford University Press, ss. 91-112.
Neumann, I. B. (1999). Uses of the other: ‘The East’ in European identity formation. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Neumann, I. B. (2006). European Identity and its Changing Others. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Paper, No. 710.
Özdemir, H. (2012). Avrupa Mantığı: Avrupa Bütünleşmesinin Teori ve Dinamikleri. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
Rees, W. (2011) The External Face of Internal Security. Christopher Hill ve Michael Smith (der.), International Relations and the European Union. New York: Oxford University Press, ss. 226-245.
Rumelili, B. (2004). Constructing identity and relating to difference: understanding the EU’s mode of differentiation. Review of International Studies, 30(1), ss. 27-47.
Sedelmeier, U. (2004). Collective Identity. Walter Carlsnaes, Helene Sjursen ve Brian White (der.), Contemporary European Foreign Policy. London: SAGE, ss. 123-140.
Sjursen, H. (2006). The EU as a ‘normative’ power: How can this be?. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), ss. 235-251.
Smith, K. E. (2008). European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World. Cambridge: Polity.
Şenyuva, Ö. ve Üstün, Ç. (2016)A Deal to End “the” Deal: Why the Refugee Agreement is a Threat to Turkey-EU Relations. The German Marshall Fund, On Turkey, No. 132.
Taylor, P. (2015). Migration crisis tears at EU’s cohesion and tarnishes its image. Reuters, 5 Eylül 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/useurope-migrants-eu-analysis-idUSKCN0R50Y520150905.
Trauner, F. (2011). The Internal-External Security Nexus: More Coherence under Lisbon?. European Union Institute for Security Studies Occasional Paper, No. 89.
Tuğtan, M. A. (2013). Avrupa Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası. Ayhan Kaya vd. (der.), Avrupa Birliği’ne Giriş: Tarih, Kurumlar ve Politikalar. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, ss. 251-267.
Uçarer, E. (2002). Guarding the Borders of the European Union: Paths, Portals, and Prerogatives. Sandra Lavenex ve Emek M. Uçarer (der.), Migration and the Externalities of European Integration. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, ss. 15-32.
Van Rompuy, H. (2010). A Curtain went up – Ein Vorhang ging auf, Speech made at the Berliner Europa-Rede, Berlin, 9 November 2010.
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/1176 23.pdf.
Wæver, O. (2002). Identity, communities and foreign policy: Discourse analysis as foreign policy theory. Lene Hansen ve Ole Wæver (der.), European Integration and National Identity: The challenge of the Nordic states. London: Routledge, ss. 20-49.
Wendt, A. (1994). Collective Identity Formation and the International State. The American Political Science Review, 88(2), ss. 384-396.
White, B. (2004). Foreign Policy Analysis and European Foreign Policy. Ben Tonra ve Thomas Christiansen (der.), Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy. Manchester: Manchester University Press, ss. 45- 61.
Whitman, R. G. (1998). From Civilian Power to Superpower? The International Identity of the European Union. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Whitman, R. G. (2011). Norms, Power and Europe: A New Agenda for Study of the EU and International Relations. Richard G. Whitman (der.) Normative Power Europe: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, ss. 1-22.