Biyoterörizm

Bu yazı, Çeşme, İzmir’de gerçekleştirilen 23. ANKEM Kongresinde 30 Mayıs 2008 günü “biyoterörizm” konusunda yazarların yaptığı sunumlar ve tartışmaları temel almaktadır. Biyoterörizm, bakteriyel ve viral biyolojik silahlar, İngiltere, ABD, SSCB ve Japonya’nın biyolojik silah programları ve Biyolojik Silahlar Konvansiyonu’nun önemli yönleri gözden geçirilmiştir. Biyoterörizm tehdit algılamaları ve biyoteknolojik gelişmeler ışığında yeni biyolojik silah olasılıkları sunulmuştur. Ek olarak, olası bir biyoterörist saldırıdan korunma, saldırıya karşı önlem alma ve tıbbi yanıt verme konuları tartışılmıştır.

Bioterrorism

This article draws on the presentations by the authors and discussions on “bioterrorism” during the 23rd ANKEM Congress held in Çeşme, İzmir, Turkey on May 30, 2008. Important aspects of bioterrorism, bacterial and viral bioweapons, biological weapons programs in UK, USA, USSR and Japan, and the Biological Weapons Convention have been reviewed. Bioterrorism threat perceptions and the possibilities for new bioweapons have been presented in the light of advances in biotechnological capabilities. In addition, the prevention of, countermeasures and medical responses to any possible bioterrorist attack have also been discussed.

___

  • 1. Ainscough MJ: Next Generation Bioweapons. The Technology of Genetic Engineering Applied to Biowarfare and Bioterrorism. The Counterproliferation Papers Future Warfare Series No 14, s.1-38, USAF Counterproliferation Center, Alabama (2002).
  • 2. Alp E, Doğanay M: Biyoterorizm, Yoğun Bakım Derg 2006;6:135-46.
  • 3. Beecher DJ: Forensic application of microbiological culture analysis to identify mail intentionally contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores, Appl Environ Microbiol 2006;72(8):5304-10.
  • 4. Beeching NJ, Dance DA, Miller AR, Spencer RC: Biological warfare and bioterrorism, BMJ 2002;324(7333):336-9.
  • 5. Borio L, Inglesby T, Peters CJ et al [Working Group on Civilian Biodefense]: Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons: medical and public health management, JAMA 2002;287(18):2391-405.
  • 6. Brachman PS: Bioterrorism: an update with a focus on anthrax, Am J Epidemiol 2002;155(11):981-7.
  • 7. Bronze MS, Huycke MM, Machado LJ, Voskuhl GW, Greenfield RA: Viral agents as biological weapons and agents of bioterrorism, Am J Med Sci 2002;323(6):316-25.
  • 8. Bügl H, Danner JP, Molinari RJ et al: DNA synthesis and biological security, Nat Biotechnol 2007;25(6):627-9.
  • 9. Cannons A, Amusa P, Anderson B: Biotechnology and public health response to bioterrorism, “Anderson B, Friedman H, Bendinelli M (eds): Microorganisms and Bioterrorism” kitab›nda s.1-12, Springer, Florida (2006).
  • 10. Carlson R: The pace and proliferation of biological technologies, Biosecur Bioterror 2003;1(3):203-14.
  • 11. CDC: Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup, MMWR 2000;49(No.RR-4):1-14.
  • 12. Cello J, Paul AV, Wimmer E: Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template, Science 2002;297(5583):1016-8.
  • 13. Chevrier MI: The politics of biological disarmament, “Wheelis M, Rozsa L, Dando M (eds): Deadly Cultures Biological Weapons since 1945” kitabı nda s.304-28, Harvard University Press, Cambridge USA (2006).
  • 14. Cirincione J, Wolf sthal JB, Rajkumar M: Deadly arsenals: Nuclear, biological and chemical threats, Cornegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington DC (2005).
  • 15. Cleri DJ, Porwancher RB, Ricketti AJ, Ramos-Bonner LS, Vernaleo JR: Smallpox as a bioterrorist weapon: myth or menace? Infect Dis Clin N Am 2006;20(2):329-57.
  • 16. Cleri DJ, Ricketti AJ, Porwancher RB, Ramos-Bonner LS, Vernaleo JR: Viral hemorrhagic fevers: current status of endemic disease and strategies for control, Infect Dis Clin N Am 2006;20(2):359-93.
  • 17. Dando M: The malign misuse of neuroscience, Disarmament Forum 2005 (One):17-24.
  • 18. Doganay M: Anthrax, “Cohen J, Powderly WG (eds): Infectious Diseases, 2nd ed., Vol.2” kitab›nda Section 6, Chapter 185, Mosby Co., Edinburgh (2004).
  • 19. Falk R: The challenges of biological weaponary, “Wright S(ed): Biological Warfare and Disarmament. New Problems/New Perspectives” kitabında s.25-54, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc, Boston (2002).
  • 20. Geissler E, van Courtland Moon JE (eds): Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies 18. Biological and Toxin Weapons: Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945 s.1-276, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK (1999)(reprinted 2003).
  • 21. Gibson DG, Benders GA, Andrews-Pfannkoch C et al: Complete chemical synthesis, assembly, and cloning of a Mycoplasma genitalium genome, Science 2008;319(5867):1215-20.
  • 22. Guillemin J: Inventing bioterrorism: the political construction of civilian risk, “Hartmann B, Subramaniam B, Zerner C (eds): Making Threats: Biofears and Environmental Anxieties” kitabında s.197-216, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham MD (2005).
  • 23. Guillemin J: Biological Weapons from the Invention of State-Sponsored Programs to Contemporary Bioterrorism, s.3-4, Columbia University Press, New York (2005).
  • 24. Goler JA, Bramlett BW, Peccoud J: Genetic design: rising above the sequence, Trends Biotechnol 2008; doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.06.003.
  • 25. Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Bartlett JG et al [Working Group on Civilian Biodefense]: Smallpox as biological weapons: medical and public health management, JAMA 1999;281(22):2127-37.
  • 26. Holt RA, Warren R, Flibotte S, Missirlis PI, Smailus DE: Rebuilding microbial genomes, BioEssays 2007;29(6):580-90.
  • 27. Hudson MJ, Beyer W, Böhm R et al: Bacillus anthracis: balancing innocent research with dualuse potential, Int J Med Microbiol 2008;298(5-6):345-64.
  • 28. Itaya M, Tsuge K, Koizumi M, Fujita K: Combining two genomes in one cell: stable cloning of the Synechocystis PCC6803 genome in the Bacillus subtilis 168 genome, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102(44):15971-6.
  • 29. Jackson RJ, Ramsay AJ, Christensen CD, Beaton S, Hall F, Ramshaw IA: Expression of mouse interleukin- 4 by a recombinant ectromelia virus suppresses cytolytic lymphocyte responses and overcomes genetic resistance to mousepox, J Virol 2001;75(3):1205-10.
  • 30. Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA et al: Bioterrorism- related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States, Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7(6):933-44.
  • 31. Johnston JB, Nazarian SH, Natale R, McFadden G: Myxoma virus infection of primary human fibroblasts varies with cellular age and is regulated by host interferon responses, Virology 2005;332(1):235-48.
  • 32. Kagan E: Bioregulators as prototypic nontraditional threat agents, Clin Lab Med 2006;26(2):421-43.
  • 33. Kolavic SA, Kimura A, Simons SL, Slutsker L, Barth S, Haley CE: An outbreak of Shigella dysenteriae type 2 among laboratory workers due to intentional food contamination, JAMA 1997;278(5):396-8.
  • 34. Krug RM: The potential use of influenza virus as an agent of bioterrorism, Antiviral Res 2003;57(1-2):147-50.
  • 35. Lam S-K: Nipah virus: a potential agent of bioterrorism? Antiviral Res 2003;57(1-2):113-9.
  • 36. Lane JM, Summer L: Smallpox as a weapon for bioterrorism, “Fong IW, Alibek K (eds): Bioterrorism and Infectious Agents: A New Dilemma for the 21st Century” kitabında s.147-67, Springer Science+Business Media Inc, New York (2005).
  • 37. Leitenberg M: Biological weapons in twentieth century: A review and analysis, Crit Rev Microbiol 2000;27:267-320.
  • 38. Littlewood J: The Biological Weapons Convention: A Failed Revolution, s.1-250, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot (2005).
  • 39. Mahy BWJ: An overview on the use of a viral pathogen as a bioterrorism agent: why smallpox? Antiviral Res 2003;57(1-2):1-5.
  • 40. Marty AM, Jahrling PB, Geisbert TW: Viral hemorrhagic fevers, Clin Lab Med 2006;26(2):345-86.
  • 41. Matsumato G: Bioterrorism. Anthrax powder: state of the art? Science 2003;302(5650):1492-7.
  • 42. Mereish KA: Unsupported conclusions on the Bacillus anthracis spores, Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73(15):5074.
  • 43. Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M et al: The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979, Science 1994;266(5188):1202-8.
  • 44. Mierzejewski JW, van Courtland Moon JE: Poland and biological weapons, “Geissler E, van Courtland Moon JE (eds): Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies 18. Biological and Toxin Weapons: Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945” kitabında s.62-9, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK (1999) (reprinted 2003).
  • 45. Millett PD: The biological and toxin weapons convention, Rev Sci Tech 2006;25(1):35-52.
  • 46. Morse SA: Historical perspectives of microbial bioterrorism, “Anderson B, Friedman H, Bendinelli M (eds): Microorganisms and Bioterrorism” kitabında s.15-27, Springer, Florida (2006).
  • 47. Nixdorff K: Assault on the immune system, Disarmament Forum 2005(One):25-35.
  • 48. Noji EK: Bioterrorism: a new global environmental health threat, Global Change Human Health 2001;2:2-10.
  • 49. Perrone LA, Tumpey TM: Reconstruction of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus: how revealing the molecular secrets of the virus responsible for the worst pandemic in recorded history can guide our response to future influenza pandemics, Infect Disord Drug Targets 2007;7(4):294-303.
  • 50. Petro JB, Plase TR, McNulty JA: Biotechnology: impact on biological warfare and biodefense, Biosecur Bioterror 2003;1(3):161-8.
  • 51. Poland GA, Grabenstein JD, Neff JM: The US smallpox vaccination program: a review of a large modern era smallpox vaccination implementation program, Vaccine 2005;23(17-18):2078-81.
  • 52. Pomerantsev AP, Staritsin, Mockov YuV, Marinin LI: Expression of cereolysine AB genes in Bacillus anthracis vaccine strain ensures protection against experimental hemolytic anthrax infection, Vaccine 1997;15(17-18):1846-50.
  • 53. Popovic T, Glass M: Laboratory aspects of bioterrorism- related anthrax – from identification to molecular subtyping to microbial forensics, Croat Med J 2003;44(3):336-41.
  • 54. Race MS, Hammond E: An evaluation of the role and effectiveness of institutional biosafety committees in providing oversight and security at biocontainment laboratories, Biosecur Bioterror 2008;6(1):19-35.
  • 55. Rosengard AM, Liu Y, Nie Z, Jimenez R: Variola virus immune evasion design: expression of a highly efficient inhibitor of human complement, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99(13):8808-13.
  • 56. Salerno RM, Hickok LT: Strengthening bioterrorism prevention: global biological materials management, Biosecur Bioterror 2007;5(2):107-16.
  • 57. Sharan Y: The bioterrorism threat, “Green MS et al (eds): Risk Assessment and Risk Communication Startegies in Bioterrorism Preparedness” kitabında s.45-54, Springer, Dordrecht (2007).
  • 58. Shimono N, Morici L, Casali N et al: Hypervirulent mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resulting from disruption of the mce1 operon, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100(26):15918-23.
  • 59. Sidwell RW, Smee DF: Viruses of the Bunya- and Togaviridae families: potential as bioterrorism agents and means of control, Antiviral Res 2003;57(1-2):101-11.
  • 60. Smith HO, Hutchison CA 3rd, Pfannkoch C, Venter JC: Generating a synthetic genome by whole genome assembly: PhiX174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100(26):15440-5.
  • 61. Szinicz L: History of chemical and biological warfare agents, Toxicology 2005;214(3):167-81.
  • 62. The stealth threat. An interview with K. Erik Drexler, Bull At Sci 2007;63:55-8.
  • 63. Török TJ, Tauxe RV, Wise RP et al: A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars, JAMA 1997;278(5):389-95.
  • 64. Tumpey TM, Basler CF, Aguilar PV et al: Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic virus, Science 2005;310(5745):77-80.
  • 65. Wheelis M: Biotechnology and biochemical weapons, Nonproliferation Rev 2002;(Spring):48-53.
  • 66. Wheelis M: Will the new biology lead to new weapons? Arms Control Today 2004;(July/August): 6-13.
  • 67. Wheelis M, Rozsa L, Dando M (eds): Deadly Cultures Biological Weapons since 1945, s.1-479, Harvard University Press, Cambridge USA (2006).
  • 68. WHO Guidance: Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons, 2nd ed., WHO, Geneva (2004).
  • 69. Wright S: Geopolitical origins, “Wright S(ed): Biological Warfare and Disarmament. New Problems/ New Perspectives” kitabında s.313-42, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc, Boston (2002).
  • 70. Yenen OŞ: Biyolojik silah olarak çiçek ve aşısı, Klinik Gelişim 2005;18:63-88.
ANKEM Dergisi-Cover
  • ISSN: 1301-3114
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 3 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 1986
  • Yayıncı: Antibiyotik ve Kemoterapi Derneği
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Biyoterörizm

Osman Şadi YENEN, Mehmet DOĞANAY

A grubu beta-hemolitik streptokoklarda eritromisin direnci

Muhammet H. UYANIK, HALİL YAZGI

Makrolid-linkozamid-streptogramin B direnci gözlenen klinik stafilokok izolatlarında fusidik asidin in-vitro aktivitesinin değerlendirilmesi

EMEL SESLİ ÇETİN, Hayati GÜNEŞ, Ayşe AYNALİ, Selçuk KAYA, Cicioğlu Buket ARIDOĞAN, Mustafa DEMİRCİ

Çeşitli klinik örneklerden üretilen Escherichia coli kökenlerinde antibiyotik duyarlılıkları ve beta-laktam direnç fenotipleri

NEVRİYE GÖNÜLLÜ, Mehmet Berfe CANBERK, Özge FİLİZ, Serdar ALTINKUM, Ömer KÜÇÜKBASMACI, Gökhan AYGÜN, Kemal ALTAŞ

Klinik örneklerden izole edilen streptokok ve enterokok suşlarının antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları

FAHRİYE EKŞİ, Efgan Doğan GAYYURHAN

Klinik örneklerden izole edilen bakterilerde beta-laktamaz varlığının ve çeşitli antibiyotik gruplarına karşı duyarlılıklarının araştırılması

Özgür GÜLER, OSMAN AKTAŞ, Hakan USLU

GSBL pozitif Escherichia coli ve Klebsiella pneumoniae suşlarında tigesiklinin in-vitro etkinliği

İlkay KARAOĞLAN, Yasemin ZER, Mustafa NAMIDURU

Mini (pinpoint) koloni oluşturan beta-hemolitik streptokoklar: Streptococcus milleri grubu ve çeşitli özellikleri

Rahmiye BERKİTEN

Toplum kaynaklı idrar yolu infeksiyonu etkeni olan Escherichia coli izolatlarının fosfomisin ile idrar yolu infeksiyonlarında sık kullanılan antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları

C.Elif ÖZTÜRK, A. Demet KAYA, Şahika GÖÇMEN, Emel ARSLAN