Elizabeth Sahnesi’nin içinde/dışında İdam ve Adalet Shakespeare’in İlk Dörtlemesi

Geç Elizabeth Döneminde sosyo-politik çatışmalar görülmüştür. Bu çatışmalar başta bölük pörçük olmasına rağmen, yavaş yavaş Elizabeth rejimine karşı duyulan toptan bir muhalefet tavrını oluşturmuştur. Ancak, sansür mekanizmasının varlığı ile hukuk sisteminin devletin baskı araçları olarak kullanılmasından dolayı bunlar bastırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, haklı gerekçelerle yapılan kamuya açık idamlar toplumu rahatlatabilirdi. Ne var ki, teatral olan kamuya açık idamlardaki yargılamaların baştan sağma olmaları, Elizabeth sahnesinin içinde/dışında toplumsal rahatlama sağlayamamıştır. Bu durum, özellikle, Shakespeare’in İlk Dörtlemesi’nde (1589-1594 civarı) kendini göstermiştir. Bundan dolayı, bu makalenin amacı yürütme erki uygulaması olarak kamuya açık idamların politika ve poetika’sını incelemek ve tiyatrolarda bununla ilgili gösterilen sahnelerin gelişigüzel yargılamalardan dolayı oluşan toplum gerginliğini azaltmadığını, aksine, Geç Elizabeth Dönemi’ndeki bu gerginliği arttırdığını örneklemektir.

Public Execution and Justice on/off the Elizabethan Stage: Shakespeare’s First Tetralogy

The Elizabethan regime in its last fifteen years faced many socio-political tensions. Althoughdisorganised at first, as time passed, tensions increased and attempts were made to voice aloud sociopoliticalcriticisms, but use of the repressive state apparatus of the judicial system suppressed these.Accordingly, public execution was employed to exert the executive powers of the monarch againstdissent. Deserved punishment in the theatre’s public executions could create a cathartic effect, reducingtensions about injustice that was felt by the Elizabethan playgoers in real life. Yet, the arbitrariness ofjustice in the executions on and off the stage complicated the creation of such a catharsis, as displayed,especially, in Shakespeare’s first tetralogy (ca. 1589-1594). Accordingly, this article analyses the politicsand poetika of public execution and it suggests that scenes of executions in theatres increased the sociopoliticaltensions caused by the injustice of the Late Elizabethan Period.

PDF

___

Agamben G. (1998). Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Trans. D. Heller-Roazen. Stanford 1998.
Althusser L. (1971). “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation”. Trans. B. Brewster, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1971) 127-186. New York and London.
Anonymous. (1593). The Life and Death of Iacke Straw, A Notable Rebell in England. London 1593.
Anonymous. (1594). The True Tragedie of Richard the Third. London 1594.
Archer I. W. (1991). The Pursuit of Stability: Social Relations in Elizabethan London. Cambridge 1991.
Arnold O. (2007). The Third Citizen: Shakespeare’s Theater and the Early Modern House of Commons. Baltimore 2007.
Ashley L. R. N. (1988). Elizabethan Popular Culture. Bowling Green 1988.
Baldo J. (2012). Memory in Shakespeare’s Histories: Stages of Forgetting in Early Modern England. London - New York 2012.
Baldwin W. (1563). A Myrrovr for Magiſtrates. London 1563.
Bernthal C. A. (2002). “Jack Cade’s Legal Carnival.” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 42/2 (2002) 259-274.
Bracton H. (1968). Bracton de Legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae: Bracton on the Laws and Customs of
England. Eds. and trans. G. E. Woodbine & S. E. Thorne. 2 vols. Cambridge 1968.
Brown R. A. & Curnow P. E. (1984). Tower of London, Greater London. London 1984.
Campbell L. B. (1978). Shakespeare’s Histories: Mirrors of Elizabethan Policy. San Marino 1978.
Chambers E. K. (1961). The Elizabethan Stage. 4 vols. Oxford 1961.
Collingwood R. G. (1956). The Idea of History. Oxford 1956.
Crawforth H. (2015). “Violence in Shakespeare’s London: Titus Andronicus (1594) and Tyburn”. Eds. H. Crawforth, S. Dustagheer & J. Young. Shakespeare in London (2015) 21-45. London.
Cressy D. (2010). Dangerous Talk: Scandalous, Seditious, and Treasonable Speech in Pre-Modern England. Oxford 2010.
Cunningham K. (1990). “Renaissance Execution and Marlovian Elocution: The Drama of Death”. PMLA 105/2 (1990) 209-222.
Deiter K. (2008). The Tower of London in English Renaissance Drama: Icon of Opposition. New York - London 2008.
Denny J. (2006). Anne Boleyn: A New Life of England’s Tragic Queen. Cambridge 2006.
Djordjevic I. (2010). Holinshed’s Nation: Ideals, Memory, and Practical Policy in the Chronicles. Burlington 2010.
Dutton R. (1991). Mastering the Revels: The Regulation and Censorship of English Renaissance Drama. Hampshire - London 1991.
Forgeng J. L. (1995). Daily Life in Elizabethan England. Westport 1995.
Foucault M. (1995). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Trans. A. Sheridan. New York 1995.
Gibinska M. (1994). “Elizabethan Drama and Cruelty”. Eds. G. Ahrends & H.-J. Diller, Chapters from the History of Stage Cruelty (1994) 37-51. Tübingen.
Gieskes E. (2006). Representing the Professions: Administration, Law, and the Theater in Early Modern England. Newark 2006.
Girard R. (1979). Violence and the Sacred. Trans. P. Gregory. Baltimore 1979.
Gosson S. (1587). The Schoole of Abuſe, Contayning a Pleaant Inuectiue Againſt Poetrs, Pipers, Players, Ieſters, ans ſuch Like Caterpillers of a Common Wealth; ſetting up the Flagge of Defiance to Their Miſchiuous Exerciſe, and Ouerthrowing Their Bulwarkes, by Prophane Writers, Natural Reaſon and Common Experience. London 1587.
Gosson S. (1582). Playes Confuted in Fiue Actions, Prouing that They are not to be ſuffred in Chriſtian Common Weale, by the Waye Both the Cauils of Thomas Lodge, and the Play of Playes, Written in Their Defence, and Other Obiections of Players Frendes, are Truly ſet Downe and Directlye Aunſweared. London 1582.
Goy-Blanquet D. (2003). Shakespeare’s Early History Plays: From Chronicle to Stage. Oxford 2003.
Grafton R. (1569). A Chronicle at Large. London 1569.
Greenblatt S. (2005). Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare. Chicago 2005.
Greenblatt S. (1988a). “The Circulation of Social Energy”. Shakespearean Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energy in Renaissance England (1988) 1-20. Berkeley.
Greenblatt S. (1988b) “Invisible Bullets”. Shakespearean Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energy in Renaissance England (1988) 21-65. Berkeley.
Gurr A. (1996). The Shakespearian Playing Companies. Oxford 1996.
Guy J. (2001). “The Tudor Age: (1485-1603)”. Ed. K. O. Morgan, The Oxford History of Britain (2001) 257-326. Oxford - New York.
Hadfield A. (2005). Shakespeare and Republicanism. Cambridge - New York 2005.
Hall E. (1548). The Vnion of the Two Noble and Illuſtre Famelies of Lancastre & Yorke beeyng long in Continual Diſcension for the Croune of this Noble Realme. London 1548.
Harrison G. B. (1974a). An Elizabethan Journal: Being a Record of Those Things Most Talked About During the Years 1591-4. London 1974.
Harrison G. B. (1974b). A Second Elizabethan Journal: Being a Record of Those Things Most Talked About During the Years 1595-8. London 1974.
Hazard M. E. (2000). Elizabethan Silent Language. Lincoln 2000.
Hentzner P. (1797). Paul Hentzner’s Travels in England: During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. Eds. and trans. H. Walpole, R. Naunton & R. Bentley. London 1797.
Holinshed R, W. Harrison & J. Hooker. (1587). The Firſt and ſecond Volumes of Chronicles, Compriſing 1 The Deſcription and Hiſtorie of England, 2 The Deſcription and Hiſtorie of Ireland, 3 The Deſcription and Hiſtorie of Scotland. London 1587.
Howard J. E. & Phyllis Rackin. (1997). Engendering a Nation: A Feminist Account of Shakespeare’s English Histories. London 1997.
Hutson L. (2007). “Noises Off: Participatory Justice in 2 Henry VI”. Eds. C. Jordan & K. Cunningham, The Law in Shakespeare (2007) 143-166. New York.
Inwood S. (2008). Historic London: An Explorer’s Guide. London 2008.
Kastan D. S. (2001). “Shakespeare and English History”. Eds. M. De Grazia & S. Wells, The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare (2001) 167-182. Cambridge.
Kastan D. S. (1993). “Is There a Class in this (Shakespearean) Text?”. Renaissance Drama 24 (1993) 101-121.
Keyishian H. (2008). “Punishment Theory in the Renaissance: The Law and the Drama”. Eds. P. Raffield & G. Watt, Shakespeare and the Law (2008) 175-184. Oxford.
Kyd T. (2009). The Spanish Tragedy. Ed. J. R. Mulryne. London 2009.
Lambard W. (1581). Eirenarcha. London 1581.
Langbein J. H. (1977). Torture and the Law of Proof: Europe and England in the Ancien Régime. Chicago 1977.
Laurence J. (1932). A History of Capital Punishment with Special Reference to Capital Punishment in Great Britain. London 1932.
Legatt A. (1988). Shakespeare’s Political Drama: The History Plays and the Roman Plays. New York 1988.
Loades D. M. (1992). The Tudor Court. Bangor 1992.
Manning R. B. (1988). Village Revolts: Social Protest and Popular Disturbances in England: 1509-1640. Oxford 1988.
Markham C. R. (1906). Richard III: Life and Character Reviewed in Light of Recent Research. Cambridge 1906.
Montrose L. (1996). The Purpose of Playing: Shakespeare and the Cultural Politics of the Elizabethan Theatre. Chicago 1996.
Munday A. et al. (2011). Sir Thomas More. Ed. John Jowett. London 2011.
Nashe T. (1592). Pierce Penileſe his Supplication to the Diuell. London 1592.
Nelson T. (1590). The Device of the Pageant. London 1590.
Parnell G. (1993). Book of the Tower of London. London 1993.
Parnell G. (1979). “Observations on Tower Green”. London Archaelogist 3/12 (1979) 320-326.
Rankins W. (1587). A Mirrour of Monsters. London 1587.
Ribner I. (1957). The English History Play in the Age of Shakespeare. Princeton 1957.
Shakespeare W. (2002). Richard II. Ed. C. R. Forker. London 2002.
Shakespeare W. (2001). Henry VI: Part 3. Eds. J. D. Cox & E. Rasmussen. London 2001.
Shakespeare W. (2000a). Henry VI: Part 1. Ed. E. Burns. London 2000.
Shakespeare W. (2000b). Richard III. Ed. A. Hammond. London 2000.
Shakespeare W. (1999). Henry VI: Part 2. Ed. R. Knowles. London 1999.
Shakespeare W. (1997). Henry VIII. Ed. R. A. Foakes. London 1997.
Shepard A. (2003). Meanings of Manhood in Early Modern England. Oxford 2003.
Shurgot M. W. & M. E. Owens. (1998). Stages of Play: Shakespeare’s Theatrical Energies in Elizabethan Performance. London 1998.
Spierenburg P. C. (1984). The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression: From a Preindustrial Metropolis to the European Experience. Cambridge 1984.
Starkey D. Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII. New York 2003.
Stow J. (1598). A Svrvay of London. London 1598.
Stubbes P. (1583). The Anatomie of Abuſes. London 1583.
Taylor J. D. (2004). Documents of Lady Jane Grey: Nine Days Queen of England, 1553. New York 2004.
Tennenhouse L. (1986). Power on Display: The Politics of Shakespeare’s Genres. New York 1986.
The Bible Tranſlated according to the Ebrew and Greeke. (1581). London 1581.
Tillyard E. M. W. (1946). Shakespeare’s History Plays. New York 1946.
Tillyard E. M. W. (1959). The Elizabethan World Picture. New York 1959.
Walker M. T. (2007). Thou and You in Early Modern English Dialogues. Amsterdam 2007.
Weatherford J. W. (2001). Crime and Punishment in the England of Shakespeare and Milton, 1570-1640. Jefferson 2001.
Weir A. (1991). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. New York 1991.
Wickham G. (1963). Early English Stages: 1300 to 1660: 1576 to 1660, Part I. London 1963.
Williams P. (1995). The Later Tudors: England 1547-1603. Oxford 1995.
Wilson D. A. (1978). The Tower, 1078-1978. London 1978.
Yarington R. (1601). Two Lamentable Tragedies. London 1601