Dünyadan Örnekler Işığında İklim Değişikliği Kaynaklı Göçleri Anlamak

İklim değişikliği; sıcaklıkların, ani hava olaylarının sıklığının ve şiddetinin artması, buzullarınerimesi, deniz seviyesinin yükselmesi gibi birçok değişimi beraberinde getirmektedir. Dünyanın birçokyerinde insanları yerinden ederek göçe zorlamakta; ekosistemi, biyolojik çeşitliliği, insan sağlığını, tarımve gıda güvenliğini tehdit etmektedir. Kuşkusuz iklim değişikliği hem nedenleri hem sonuçları hem deetki alanları açısından küresel ve çok boyutlu bir problemdir. İklim değişikliğinin insani yüzüne bakmak,tüm bu altüst oluşlar sonucunda yerlerini, yurtlarını terk etmek zorunda kalan insanları derinlemesineanaliz etmeyi gerektirir. Bu bağlamda makalenin amacı dünyadan örneklerle iklim değişikliğininetkilerine bağlı olarak gerçekleşen göç hareketlerini inceleyerek, mevcut görgül araştırmalardan hareketleiklim değişikliği kaynaklı göçlerin nasıl gerçekleştiğini anlamaktır. Makalede iklim değişikliği kaynaklıgöçler, hızlı ve ani gelişen iklim değişikliği etkilerine bağlı olarak gerçekleşen ve yavaş ve kademeliiklim değişikliği etkilerine bağlı olarak gerçekleşen göçler olmak üzere iki ana başlık altındaincelenmiştir. Hızlı ve ani gelişen iklim değişikliği etkilerinden fırtınalar, kasırgalar ve seller ile ilintiligöç hareketlerine; yavaş ve kademeli gelişen iklim değişikliği etkilerinden deniz seviyesi yükselmesi,artan sıcaklıklar, kuraklık ve çölleşme ile ilintili göç hareketleri ele alınmıştır.

Understanding Climate Change Induced Migrations in the Light of Examples from around the World

Climate change brings about many changes such as rising temperature, increased frequency and intensity of sudden weather events, the melting of glaciers and sea level rise. It also threatens biodiversity, human health, agriculture, ecosystem, and food security and it forces people to migrate in many parts of the world. Undoubtedly, climate change is a global and multi-dimensional problem in terms of both its causes and impacts. Looking at the human face of climate change requires an in-depth analysis of the people who have had to leave their homeland as a result of all these upheavals. In this context, the aim of this article is to understand how migration movements due to the effects of climate change take place by examining the current empirical studies in the field. Consequently, climate change migration has been examined under two main headings. Migrations as a result of rapid and sudden effects of climate change on the one hand, and migrations due to the slow and gradual effects of climate change on the other. Among the rapid and sudden climate change effects, population movements related to storms, hurricanes and floods; among the slow and gradual climate change effects, movements related to sea level rise, increasing temperatures, drought and desertification, are discussed.

PDF

___

Abu M., Codjoe S. N. A. & Sward J. (2014). “Climate Change and Internal Migration Intentions in the Forest-Savannah Transition Zone of Ghana”. Population and Environment 35/4 (2014) 341-364.
ADB-Asian Development Bank. (2012). Addressing Climate Change and Migration in Asia and the Pacific-Final Report. Mandaluyong City, Philippines 2012.
Afifi T. & Jäger J. (eds.). (2010). Environment, Forced Migration and Social Vulnerability. Heidelberg 2010.
Afifi T. (2011). “Economic or Environmental Migration? The Push Factors in Niger”. International Migration 49/1 (2011) 95-124. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00644.x
Allgood L. & McNamara K. E. (2017). “Climate-Induced Migration: Exploring Local Perspectives in Kiribati”. Singapore Journ1al of Tropical Geography 3 (2017) 370-385.
Aragonés Castañer A. M. & Nieto U. S. (2017). “Climate Change and Migration in the Rural Sector of Northern Mexico (Zacatecas And San Luis Potosí)”. Migration Letters 14/3 (2017) 384-396.
Retrieved from
Barrios S., Bertinelli L. & Strobl E. (2006). “Climatic Change and Rural-Urban Migration: The Case of Sub-Saharan Africa”. Journal of Urban Economics 60/3 (2006) 357-371.
Bohra-Mishra P., Oppenheimer M., Cai R., Feng S. & Licker R. (2017). “Climate Variability and Migration in The Philippines”. Population & Environment 38/3 (2017) 286-308.
Bremner J. & Hunter L. M. (2014). “Migration and The Environment”. Population Bulletin 69/1 (2014) 1-16. Population Reference Bureau.
Cameron M. P. (2018). “Climate Change, Internal Migration, and the Future Spatial Distribution of Population: A Case Study of New Zealand”. Population and Environment 3 (2018) 239-260.
Challen P. C. (2010). Migration in the 21st Century: How Will Globalization and Climate Change Affect Migration and Settlement?. Canada 2010.
Chatty D. & Sternberg T. (2015). “Climate Effects on Nomadic Pastoralist Societies”. Forced Migration Review 49/25 (2015) 25-27.
download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=chatty-sternberg%2B-%2BFrench.pdf&type_of_work= Journal+article>
DW. (2017). “Atmosferdeki Karbondioksit Tarihin En Yüksek Seviyesinde”. Deutsche Welle Türkçe. 11.08.2017.
Faist T. & Schade J. (ed.) (2013). Disentangling Migration and Climate Change. Methodologies, Political Discourses and Human Rights. Springer 2013.
GAR. (2011). Erian W., Katlan B. & Babah O., Drougt Vulnerability in the Arab Region: Special Case Study: Syria. Global Assesment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction.
GAR. (2015). Erian W., Katlan B., Assad N. & Ibrahim S. F., Effects of Drought and Land Degradation on Vegetation Losses: in Africa, Arab Region, Drought and Conflict in Syria, Drylands in South America and Forests of Amazon and Congo Rivers Basins. Background Paper Prepared for the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction.
Gemenne F., Brücker P. & Lonesco D. (Eds.). (2014). The State of Enviromental Migration 2014-A Review of 2013. International Organization for Migration, SciencePo 2014.
Hamro-Drotz D. (2014). Livelihood Security: Climate Change, Migration and Conflict in the Sahel. Conflict-Sensitive Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa. United Nations Enviroment Programme.
Hillmann F., Pahl M., Rafflenbeul B. & Sterly H. (eds.). (2015). Environmental Change, Adaptation and Migration: Bringing in the Region. Springer 2015.
Huang C. C. & Su H. (2009). “Climate Change and Zhou Relocations in Early Chinese History”. Journal of Historical Geography 35/2 (2009) 297-310.
IDMC. (2016). Briefing Paper. Seizing the Momentum. Displacement on The Global Climate Change Agenda. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Switzerland 2016.
IDMC. (2016a). GRID-2016-Global Report on Internal Displacement. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Switzerland 2016.
IDMC. (2017). Africa Report on Internal Displacement. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Switzerland.
IDMC. (2018). Thematic Series-No Matter of Choice: Displacement in a Changing Climate. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Switzerland 2018.
IDMC. (2018a). Global Report on Internal Displacement. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Switzerland 2018.
IOM. (2009). Compendium of IOM's Activities in Migration, Climate Change and the Environment Erişim:
IOM. (2017). Assessing the Climate Change, Environmental Degradation and Migration Nexus in South Asia. International Organization for Migration Bangladesh.
Islam M. M., Sallu S., Hubacek K. & Paavola J. (2014). “Migrating to Tackle Climate Variability and Change? Insights from Coastal Fishing Communities in Bangladesh”. Climatic Change 124/4 (2014) 733-746. DOI 10.1007/s10584-014-1135-y
Jónsson G. (2010). The Environmental Factor in Migration Dynamics: A Review of African Case Studies. International Migration Institute, James Martin 21st Century School University of Oxford 2010.
Kelpsaite L. & Mach E. (2015). “Migration as Adaptation? A Comparative Analysis of Policy Frameworks on The Environment and Development in MECLEP Countries”. Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Policy Brief Series 5/1 (2015) 1-10. DOI 10.1007/s10584-014-1135-y
Khatun M. (2013). “Climate Change and Migration in Bangladesh: Golden Bengal to Land of Disasters”. Bangladesh e-journal of Sociology 10/2 (2013) 64-79.
Kniveton D., Schmidt-Verkerk K., Smith C. & Black R. (2008). Climate Change and Migration: Improving Methodologies to Estimate Flows. International Organization for Migration, IOM Migration Research Series, No: 33, Switzerland.
Kwadijk J. C., Haasnoot M., Mulder J. P., Hoogvliet M. M., Jeuken A. B., van der Krogt R. A., ... & de Wit M. J. (2010). “Using Adaptation Tipping Points to Prepare for Climate Change and Sea Level Rise: A Case Study in The Netherlands”. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 1/5 (2010) 729-740.
Lindley A. (2014). “Questioning 'Drought Displacement': Environment, Politics and Migration in Somalia”. Forced Migration Review 45 (2014) 39.
Locke J. T. (2009). “Climate Change-Induced Migration in The Pacific Region: Sudden Crisis and LongTerm Developments”. The Geographical Journal 175/3 (2009) 171-180. Doi: 10.1111/j.1475- 4959.2008.00317.x.
Mastrorillo M., Licker R., Bohra-Mishra P., Fagiolo G., Estes L. D. & Oppenheimer M. (2016). “The Influence of Climate Variability on Internal Migration Flows in South Africa”. Global Environmental Change 39 (2016) 155-169.
McLeman R. A. & Hunter L. M. (2010). “Migration in The Context of Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change: Insights from Analogues”. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 1/3 (2010) 450-461. DOI: 10.1002/wcc.51
McLeman R., Schade J. & Faist T. (eds.). (2016). Environmental Migration and Social Inequality. Advances in Global Change Research 61. Springer 2016. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25796-9_2.
Mortreux C. & Adams H. (2015). Setting the Scene: National and Deltaic Migration Trends in India, Bangladesh and Ghana. DECCMA Working Paper, Deltas, Vulnerability and Climate Change: Migration and Adaptation, IDRC Project Number 107642. Available online at:
Nawrotzki R. J. & DeWaard J. (2018). “Putting Trapped Populations into Place: Climate Change and Inter-District Migration Flows in Zambia”. Regional Environmental Change 2 (2018) 533-546.
Nawrotzki R. J., DeWaard J., Bakhtsiyarava M. & Ha J. T. (2017). “Climate Shocks and Rural-Urban Migration in Mexico: Exploring Nonlinearities and Thresholds”. Climatic Change 1 (2017) 243-258.
Nawrotzki R. J., Runfola D. M., Hunter L. M. & Riosmena F. (2016a). “Domestic and International Climate Migration from Rural Mexico”. Human Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Journal 6 (2016) 687- 699.
Nawrotzki R. J., Schlak A. M. & Kugler T. A. (2016). “Climate, Migration, and the Local Food Security Context: Introducing Terra Populus”. Population and Environment 2 (2016) 164-184.
Ng’ang’a S. K., Bulte E. H., Giller K. E., McIntire J. M. & Rufino M. C. (2016). “Migration and SelfProtection Against Climate Change: A Case Study of Samburu County, Kenya”. World Development 84 (2016) 55-68.
Ni X. Y. (2015). “A Nation Going Under: Legal Protection for Climate Change Refugees”. BC Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 38 (2015) 329-366.
Oğuz C. U. (2009). İklim Değişikliğinin Ekolojik Bir Süreç Olarak Küresel Ölçekte İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi. Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Antalya 2009.
Oudry G., Pak K. & Chea C. (2016). Assessing Vulnerabilities and Responses to Environmental Changes in Cambodia. International Organization for Migration, Phnom Penh 2016.
Piguet E. & Laczko F. (2014). People on the Move in a Changing Climate. The Regional Impact of Environmental Change on Migration. Dordrecht 2014.
Piguet E., Pécoud A. & De Guchteneire P. (2011). “Migration and Climate Change: An Overview”. Refugee Survey Quarterly 30/3 (2011) 1-23.
Radel C., Schmook B., Carte L. & Mardero S. (2018). “Toward a Political Ecology of Migration: Land, Labor Migration, and Climate Change in Northwestern Nicaragua”. World Development (2018) 263- 373.
Ramos E. P., Jubilut L. L., Cavedon-Capdeville F. S. & Claro C. A. B. (2016). “Environmental Migration in Brazil: Current Context and Systemic Challenges”. Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Policy Brief Series 5/2 (2016) 1-8.
Sakdapolrak P. (2014). “Building Resilience Through Translocality. Climate Change, Migration and Social Resilience of Rural Communities in Thailand”. TransRe Working Paper, No. 1, Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Bonn 2014.
Sherwood A., Bradley M., Rossi L., Guiam R. & Mellicker B. (2015). Resolving Post-Disaster Displacement: Insights from the Philippines after Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda). Washington 2015.
Stabinsky D. & Hoffmaister J. P. (2012) Loss and Damage: Defining Slow Onset Events. Briefing Paper on Loss and Damage. Asia and Eastern Europe Regional Meeting 27-29 August 2012, Bangkok. Third World Network.
Stojanov R., Kelman I., Nemec D., Landa J., Tichy R. & … Hofman C. L. (2018). “Local Perceptions of Climate Change Impacts in St. Kitts (Caribbean Sea) and Male, Maldives (Indian Ocean)”. Atmosphere 9/12 (2018) 1-20.
Van Koningsveld M., Mulder J. P., Stive M. J., VanDerValk L., & VanDerWeck A. W. (2008). “Living with Sea-Level Rise and Climate Change: A Case Study of the Netherlands”. Journal of Coastal Research (2008) 367-379.
Weinthal E., Zawahri N. & Sowers J. (2015). “Securitizing Water, Climate, and Migration in Israel, Jordan, and Syria”. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 15/3 (2015) 293-307. DOI 10.1007/s10784-015-9279-4
Wester P., Mishra A., Mukherji A. & Shrestha A. B. (eds). (2019). “The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment-Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People”. Springer Nature (2019).
WMO. (2018). “Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2017”. No. 1212. Chairperson Publications Board, World Meteorological Organization, Switzerland.
Wodon Q., Liverani A., Joseph G. & Bougnoux N. (eds.). (2014). Climate Change and Migration: Evidence from the Middle East and North Africa. Middle East - North Africa 2014.