Bilişsel Çarpıtma Ölçeğinin Türkçe Formunun Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Bu araştırmanın amacı John Briere tarafından geliştirilmiş Cognitive Distortion Scale (CDS)-Bilişsel Çarpıtma Ölçeği'ni Türkçe’ye uyarlamak ve ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizlerini yapmaktır. Ölçeğin dilsel eşdeğerlik, geçerlik, güvenirlik ve madde analizi çalışmaları her bölüm için ayrı olmak üzere toplam 309 üniversite öğrencisinden elde edilen verilerle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ölçeğin kriter geçerliliğine ilişkin bulgular, CDS ölçeği, Beck Depresyon ve Otomatik Düşünceler Ölçekleri ile karşılaştırılarak elde edilmiştir. Bilişsel Çarpıtma Ölçeğinin dilsel eşdeğerliği için İngilizce ve Türkçe formlarının iki hafta ara ile uygulanması sonucunda aralarındaki ilişki katsayısı 0,73 olarak bulunmuştur. Yapılan istatistiksel analizde Kaiser-MeyerOlkin değeri 0,923 bulunmuş, Bartlett test sonucunda ise p < 0,001 düzeyinde anlamlı sonuç elde edilmiştir. Ölçeğin alt boyutlarının cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı 0,913 ile 0,783 arasında değişmektedir. Faktör analizi sonuçları tüm alt boyutlar arasında p < 0,001 düzeyinde anlamlı ilişkiler göstermiştir. Bu değerler 0,675 ile 0,435 arasında değişim göstermektedir. Elde edilen bu sonuçlar, testin orjinalindeki kuramsal temelin, Türkiye’deki araştırma ile desteklendiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Kriter geçerliliğine ilişkin analizlere göre Otomatik Düşünceler Ölçeği ve Beck Depresyon Ölçeği ile CDS’nin tüm alt boyutları arasında istatistiksel açıdan p

Cognitive Distortion Scale Turkish Form: Reliability and Validity Study

The aim of the study is to adapt the Cognitive Distortion Scale developed by John Briere into Turkish and to analyze the validity and reliability of the scale. The linguistic equivalence, validity, reliability and item analysis of the scale were performed with data obtained from a total of 309 university students for each session. The results regarding the criterion validity of the scale were obtained by comparing with the CDS scale, Beck Depression Inventory and Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire. For the linguistic equivalence of the Cognitive Distortion Scale, the correlation coefficient between the Turkish and the English forms was found as 0.73 after applying them in two weeks intervals. In the statistical analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was found as 0.923 and the Bartlett test results were found to be significant at the level of p

___

  • Abdullah, S., Salleh, A., Mahmud, Z., Ahmad, J., & Ghani, S. A. (2011). Cognitive distortion, depression and self-esteem among adolescents rape victims. World Applied Sciences Journal, 14(4), 67-73.
  • Ambler, B and M. Elkins (1985). An Examiniation of Relationship Between Irrational Beliefs and Communication Apprehension. Annual Meeting of The Speech Commnication Association. 7–10 November.
  • Ayaydın-Şahin, F, Özbay, Y. (2003). “Üniversite öğrencilerinin problem alanları, problemlilik düzeyleri, problem çözme becerileri ve yardım arama davranışları arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi”. VII. Ulusal psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik kongresi ne sunulan bildiri. Malatya. 157–158.
  • Bandura, A. (1989). Regulation of cognitive processes through perceived self-efficacy. Developmental psychology, 25(5), 729.
  • Barrault, S., & Varescon, I. (2013). Cognitive distortions, anxiety, and depression among regular and pathological gambling online poker players. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(3), 183-188.
  • Beck ve ark. (1975). Hopelessness and suicidal behaviour. JAMA, 234(11), 1146–1149.
  • Beck, A. T. (2005). Bilişsel terapi ve duygusal bozukluklar. İstanbul. Litera Yayıncılık.
  • Beck, A. T., & Weishaar, M. (1989). Cognitive therapy. In Comprehensive handbook of cognitive therapy (pp. 21-36). Springer, Boston, MA.
  • Beck, A. T., F. Arthur. (1990). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. USA: The Guildford Pres.
  • Beck, A.T. (2002). Cognitive models of depression. Clinical advances in cognitive psychotherapy: Theory and application. 14(1). 29-61.
  • Beck, R., & Perkins, T. S. (2001). Cognitive content-specificity for anxiety and depression: Meta-analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 651-663.
  • Bedel, A. (2015). The relationship between interpersonal problem solving, positive-negative affect and anxiety. Studia Psychologica, 57(2), 121.
  • Blackburn, I. M. (1996). Depresyon ve başa çıkma yolları. İkinci basım. Çeviren: Nesrin H. Şahin ve R. N. Rugancı. İstanbul. Remzi Kitapevi.
  • Bloomsters, B. N. (1992). The assesment of coping styles of child molasters and relationship to specific cognitive distortions and levels of anxiety of repression. (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University).
  • Bonner, R. L., & Rich, A. (1988). Negative life stress, social problem-solving self-appraisal, and hopelessness: Implications for suicide research. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 12(6), 549-556.
  • Bornstein, M. T. (1986). Cognitive Distortion in Anoroxia Nervosa and Bulimia. University of Montana. U.S.A.
  • Briere, J. (2000). Cognitive distortion scales. PAR Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Printed in the U.S.A.
  • Clak, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (1999). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Cole, D. A., Martin, J. M., Peeke, L. G., Seroczynski, A. D., & Hoffman, K. (1998). Are cognitive errors of underestimation predictive or reflective of depressive symptoms in children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(3), 481.
  • Cramer, D., & Fong, J. (1991). Effect of rational and irrational beliefs on intensity and “inappropriateness” of feelings: A test of rational-emotive theory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 15(4), 319-329.
  • D'Zurilla, T. J., & Nezu, A. (1982). Social problem solving. Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy, 1, 201-274
  • Demos, S. A. (2001). The relationship between sensitivity to criticism and cognitive distortions in women suffering from bulimia.Universty of Missouri. Columbia.
  • Ellis, A., & Whiteley, J. M. (1979). Theoretical and empirical foundations of rational-emotive therapy. California. Thomson Brooks/Cole.
  • Elman, S.(2002). An anger management intervention for adolescent males in a residential treatment center: The impact of treatment for cognitive distortion deficiences . University of Wisconsin. Milwaukee. A.B.D. (UMI Microform)
  • Fair, S.E. (1986). “Cognitive content and ristortion associated with mood- induced repressive and anxious states Arizona. Arizona State University.
  • Gable, R. A., Hendrickson, J. M., Tonelson, S. W., & Van Acker, R. (2002). Integrating academic and nonacademic instruction for students with emotional/behavioral disorders. Education and Treatment of Children, 459-475.
  • Geçtan, E. (2004).Psikodinamik psikiyatri ve normaldışı davranışlar. İstanbul. Metis Yayıncılık.
  • Gibbs, J. C. (1991). Sociomoral developmental delay and cognitive distortion: Implications for the treatment of antisocial youth. In This chapter is based on a paper presented at an American Psychological Association symposium honoring Charles Wenar, 1989.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Goldstein, E. B. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Nelson Education.
  • Griffin, J. L. (2003). Structural equation modeling of borderline personality disorder: Cognitive distortions, maladaptive schemas, psychological distress and insecure attachment as long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology).
  • Hamamcı, Z.,Duy, B. (2003). “Üniversite öğrencilerinin depresyon ve kaygı düzeyleri ile fonksiyonel olmayan tutumlarının bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi” VII. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi ne Sunulan Bildiri. Malatya. s.108.
  • Hawton, K. E., Salkovskis, P. M., Kirk, J. E., & Clark, D. M. (1989). Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychiatric problems: A practical guide. New York. Oxford University Press.
  • Heppner, P. P. (1990). Future directions of problem-solving training for adults. Journal of cognitive psychotherapy, 4(3), 243.
  • Hilsman, R., & Garber, J. (1995). A test of the cognitive diathesis-stress model of depression in children: Academic stressors, attributional style, perceived competence, and control. Journal of personality and social psychology, 69(2), 370.
  • Himle, D. P., Thyer, B. A., & Papsdorf, J. D. (1982). Relationships between rational beliefs and anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6(2), 219-223.
  • Hisli, N. (1989). Beck depresyon envanteri’nin üniversite öğrencileri öçin geçerliği, güvenirliği. Psikoloji dergisi. (7)23. Ankara. Psikologlar Derneği Yayını 3–13.
  • Hoglund, C. L., & Collison, B. B. (1989). Loneliness and irrational beliefs among college students. Journal of College Student Development. 30. 53-57.
  • Jager-Hyman, S., Cunningham, A., Wenzel, A., Mattei, S., Brown, G. K., & Beck, A. T. (2014). Cognitive distortions and suicide attempts. Cognitive therapy and research, 38(4), 369-374.
  • Kaslow, N. J., Adamson, L. B., & Collins, M. H. (2000). A developmental psychopathology perspective on the cognitive components of child and adolescent depression. In Handbook of developmental psychopathology (pp. 491-510). Springer, Boston, MA.
  • Kaslow, N. J., Stark, K. D., Printz, B., Livingston, R., & Ling Tsai, S. (1992). Cognitive Triad Inventory for Children: Development and relation to depression and anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21(4), 339-347.
  • King, D. L., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2014). The cognitive psychology of Internet gaming disorder. Clinical psychology review, 34(4), 298-308
  • Köksal, O., Arslan, C., & Bakla, A. (2014). An investigation into foreign language learning anxiety, stress and personality in higher education. International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 5(2), 199-208.
  • Lardén, M., Melin, L., Holst, U., & Långström, N. (2006). Moral judgement, cognitive distortions and empathy in incarcerated delinquent and community control adolescents. Psychology, Crime & Law, 12(5), 453-462.
  • Leahy, R. L. (2007). Bilişsel terapi ve uygulamaları–tedavi müdahaleleri için bir kılavuz. Litera Yayıncılık. İstanbul.
  • Li, H., & Wang, S. (2013). The role of cognitive distortion in online game addiction among Chinese adolescents. Children and youth services review, 35(9), 1468-1475.
  • Limón, M. (2001). On the cognitive conflict as an instructional strategy for conceptual change: A critical appraisal. Learning and instruction, 11(4-5), 357-380.
  • Malouff, J.M., N. S. Obhutte & T. Mcclelland. (1992). “Examiniation of the relationship between irrational beliefs and state anxiety. Personality and individual rifferences. (4)13. 451–456.
  • McGrath, E. P., & Repetti, R. L. (2002). A longitudinal study of children's depressive symptoms, selfperceptions, and cognitive distortions about the self. Journal of abnormal psychology, 111(1), 77.
  • Myrseth, H., Brunborg, G. S., & Eidem, M. (2010). Differences in cognitive distortions between pathological and non-pathological gamblers with preferences for chance or skill games. Journal of gambling studies, 26(4), 561-569.
  • Neisser, U. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Classic edition. Psychology Press.
  • Nezu, A. M., & Nezu, C. M. (2001). Problem solving therapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 11(2), 187-205.
  • Özakkaş, T. (2004). Bütüncül psikoterapi. İstanbul. Litera Yayıncılık.
  • Piet, J., & Hougaard, E. (2011). The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for prevention of relapse in recurrent major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review, 31(6), 1032-1040.
  • Putwain, D. W., Connors, L., & Symes, W. (2010). Do cognitive distortions mediate the test anxiety– examination performance relationship?. Educational Psychology, 30(1), 11-26.
  • Reavis, M. R. (2004). Exploratory study of the relationship between social anxiety, depressogenic Style and coping skills in chilfen (Doctoral dissertation, American University).
  • Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. (2010). Are moral disengagement, neutralization techniques, and self-serving cognitive distortions the same? Developing a unified scale of moral neutralization of aggression. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 4(2), 298-315.
  • Shnek, Z. M., Foley, F. W., LaRocca, N. G., Gordon, W. A., DeLuca, J., Schwartzman, H. G., ... & Irvine, J. (1997). Helplessness, self-efficacy, cognitive distortions, and depression in multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 19(3), 287-294.
  • Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2016). Cognitive psychology. Nelson Education.
  • Şahin, N, H. ve N. Şahin (1992). “Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the auotomatic thoughts questionnaire. Journal of clinical psychology. (48), 334-340.
  • Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams, J. M. G. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help?. Behaviour Research and therapy, 33(1), 25-39.
  • Thurber, S., Crow, L. A., Thurber, J. A., & Woffington, L. M. (1990). Cognitive distortions and depression in psychiatrically disturbed adolescent inpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(1), 57-60.
  • Tobacyk, J. J., & Downs, A. (1986). Personal construct threat and irrational beliefs as cognitive predictors of increases in musical performance anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 779– 782.
  • Toneatto, T. (1999). Cognitive psychopathology of problem gambling. Substance use & misuse, 34(11), 1593-1604.
  • Türküm, S. (1999). Bilişsel – Davranışçı yaklaşıma dayalı grupta psikolojik danışmanın bilişsel çarpıtmalar ve iletişim becerileri üzerindeki etkisi. Eskişehir. Anadolu Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 56.
  • Ünal, S., & Özcan, E. (2000). Depresyonda hazırlayıcı, ortaya çıkarıcı ve koruyucu etkenler. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 1(1), 41-48.
  • Weems, C. F., Berman, S. L., Silverman, W. K., & Saavedra, L. M. (2001). Cognitive errors in youth with anxiety disorders: The linkages between negative cognitive errors and anxious symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(5), 559-575.
  • Winn, W. (2013). Cognitive perspectives in psychology. In Handbook of research on educational communications and technology . pp. 90-123. Routledge.
  • Wong, S. S. (2008). The relations of cognitive triad, dysfunctional attitudes, automatic thoughts, and irrational beliefs with test anxiety. Current Psychology, 27(3), 177-191.
  • Young, K. S. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy with Internet addicts: treatment outcomes and implications. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 671-679.
  • Zwemer, W. A., & Deffenbacher, J. L. (1984). Irrational beliefs, anger, and anxiety. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(3), 391-393.