Bayram YÜKSEL, Zeliha KAYAALTI, Tülin SÖYLEMEZOĞLU, Arzu EROĞLU

A rsenik Toksisitesi ve Biyolojik Örneklerden Analizi

nsanlarda arsenik maruziyeti,genellikle doğal ya da jeolojikanorganik arsenik kaynakla- rıyla kontamine olmuş sularıntüketilmesiyle gerçekleşir. Top- rakta ve birçok kayaç çeşidin- de doğal olarak var olan anor- ganik arsenik, özellikle bakır,kurşun, kobalt, gümüş ve altıniçeren cevherler ile mineraller- de bulunur. Uluslararası Kan- ser Araştırmaları Ajansı (IARC),son derece toksik bir elementolan arseniği grup 1 karsinojenmadde olarak sınıflandırmıştır.Bangladeş, Hindistan ve Nepalide içeren birçok Güney Asyaülkesinde, arsenik derişimininyüksek olduğu yerlerde binlercekuyu açılmış ve insanların kendisu kaynaklarından zehirlenme- sine neden olmuştur. Türkiyearsenik içeren jeolojik katman- ların olduğu bölgelerden biri- dir. Özellikle Kütahya arsenikseviyesi fazla olan katmalarınüzerinde olduğundan bazı ar- senik zehirlenmesi vakalarınaev sahipliği yapmış bir şehirdir.Uzun yıllardır bilim adamları,insanda arsenik belirlemesi içinbiyogösterge olarak kan, idrar,saç ve tırnak örneklerini kul- lanmaktadırlar. Biyolojik örnek- lerde arsenik belirlemesi çeşitliyöntemlerle yapılabilir. Hidrürsistemli ve grafit fırınlı atomikabsorpsiyon spektroskopisi(HGAAS ve GFAAS) ile eşleşmişplazmakütle spektrometresi(ICP/MS) yöntemleri son yıllar- da önde gelen tekniklerdir. Buderlemenin amacı dünyada veTürkiyede çevresel ve meslekiolarak arsenik maruziyeti riski- ni anlatarak biyolojik örnekler- den arsenik analizi yöntemlerinigöstermektir.

A rsenIc ToxIcIty and Its AnalysIs I n BIologIcal Samples

Arsenic exposure in humans isusually associated with the con- sumption of drinking water con- taminated from natural and geo- logical sources. Inorganic arsenicexists naturally in soil and in manykinds of rock, especially in miner- als and ores which contain copper,lead, cobalt, silver and gold ores.Arsenic is extremely poisonouselement which has been classi- fied as a human carcinogenic sub- stance, group 1 by InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer(IARC). Thousands of wells weredigged in Bangladesh, India andseveral South Asian countries in- cluding Nepal where there existshigh concentration of arsenic, andpeople have been poisoned bytheir own water supplies. Turkey isone of the regions having geologi- cal layers with arsenic content. Inparticular, Kütahya is a city whichhosts some arsenic poisoning cas- es since the city is located uponlayers containing high arsenic con- centration. For many years, scien- tists have used blood, urine, hairand nail samples as biomarkers todetermine arsenic in human. De- termination of arsenic in biologi- cal samples may be performed byvarious methods. In recent years,graphite furnace atomic absorp- tion spectrometry (GFAAS), hy- dride generation atomic absorp- tion spectrometry (HG-AAS) andinductively coupled plasma massspectrometry (ICP-MS) are the ex- amples of leading techniques. Theobjective of this review is to explainthe methods of arsenic analysis inbiological samples by demonstrat- ing the risk of both environmentaland occupational arsenic exposurein the world and Turkey

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