GÜNÜMÜZDE KUZEY VE KUZEY BATI ÇİN’DE KONUŞULAN ÇİN-TİBET DİLLERİ DIŞINDAKİ DİLLERİN DURUMU I ALTAY DİLLERİ 1-MOĞOLCA

Tarihî seyir içerisinde Türkçenin en yoğun ilişki içerisinde bulunduğu dillerden bir tanesi Moğolcadır. Moğolca ile Türkçe arasındaki etkileşim, bu dilleri konuşan halkların yapmış oldukları göçler ve tecrübe ettikleri kültürel değişimler neticesinde, zaman zaman zayıflayıp artmış olsa da günümüze kadar devam etmiştir. Günümüzde Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti sınırları içerisinde kalan bazı bölgeler bu etkileşimin çeşitli seviyelerde hâlâ devam ettiği alanlardandır. Tarihî olarak Türkçe ve Moğolca konuşan halkların hakimiyet ve yaşam alanları olan bu bölgelerin bazılarında Türkçe ve Moğolcanın gücü oldukça zayıflamış, hatta varlığı tehlikeye girmiştir. Buna rağmen Moğolca günümüzde Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti sınırları içerisinde en az on lehçe ile temsil edilmektedir. Bu lehçelerden bazıları yok olma tehlikesi ile karşı karşıyadır. Ancak Güney Moğolca örneğinde olduğu gibi, bu lehçelerden bazıları Çincenin bütün baskısına dayanmanın yanında Çince ve Tibetçe ile birlikte diğer Moğol lehçeleri üzerinde bir kültürel baskı unsuru da teşkil etmektedir. Çince, hem Çin Halk Cumhuriyetinin resmî dili olması sebebiyle hem de nüfusun ezici çoğunluğunun konuştuğu dil olması sebebiyle bütün azınlık dilleri gibi Moğol lehçeleri için de büyük tehlike arz etmektedir. Tibetçe ise demografik sebeplerin yanında daha çok dinî sebeplerle Moğol lehçelerini tesiri altına almaktadır. Çince, Tibetçe ve Güney Moğolcadan hissedilen bu baskıya rağmen küçük Moğol lehçelerinin bazı Türk lehçelerini ve Tunguz lehçelerini baskı altına aldığı görülmektedir.

THE PRESENT SITUATION OF NON-SINO-TIBETAN LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN NORTHERN AND NORTH-WESTERN CHINA I ALTAIC LANGUAGES I–MONGOLIAN

Mongolian is one of the languages, which Turkish has been in intensive mutual contact throughout the historical course. The interactive relation between Turkish and Mongolian has continued to date despite it has occasionally decreased and increased due to the migrations and cultural changes experienced by the speakers of these languages. Some areas in present-day People’s Republic of China are regions, where this interaction still remains intact. Turkish and Mongolian have lost ground or even are facing extinction in some of these regions, which historically had been the living space of Turkish and Mongolian-speaking populations. However, Mongolian is still represented with at least ten varieties within the borders of People’s Republic of China. Some of these varieties are at the edge of extinction whereas others like Southern Mongol are enduring the pressure of the Chinese language as well as posing a threat to other Mongolian varieties together with Chinese and Tibetan. The Chinese language endangers the existence of Mongolian varieties like all other minority languages as a result of being the official language of the People’s Republic of China and the language of the vast majority. On the other hand Tibetan pressurizes Mongolian varieties mainly with religious reasons besides demographic ones. In spite of the pressure felt from Chinese, Tibetan and Southern Mongol, some minor Mongolian varieties are pressurizing some Turkic and Tungusic varieties.

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