EL-MEDÂRİS DERGİSİNDE EDEBÎ MUHTEVA

II. Meşrutiyetin ilanı ile birlikte Osmanlı coğrafyasında yayınlanan gazete ve dergi sayısında artış görülür. Bu dönemin süreli yayınları çeşitli ideolojileri benimsemiş aydın, bürokrat ve ediplerin düşüncelerini ifade etmeleri için araç olmuştur. Dönemin en etkin fikir akımı İslamcılıktır. el-Medâris dergisi, Sırât-ı Müstakîm, Sadâ-yı Hak, Mahfil, Beyânü'l-Hak, Cerîde-i Sûfiye, Cerîde-i İlmiyye ve Cihân-ı İslâm gibi İslamcı dergiler arasında gösterilmektedir. el-Medâris, Şehsuvarzâde Mehmet Behçet [Perim]'in sahibi ve başyazarı olduğu, 1913'te yayımlanmış 19 sayıdan müteşekkil bir dergidir. Derginin ilk sayısı 8 Cemâziye'l-âhir 1331 [2 Mayıs 1329]; son sayısı 1 Zilka'de 1331[19 Eylül 1329] tarihlerini taşır. II. Meşrutiyet dönemi dergilerinden olan el-Medâris, yayın hayatının kısalığına rağmen; dinî-edebî vasıfları haiz olması, farklı edebî türleri ihtiva etmesi, devrin siyasî, sosyal, kültürel ve askerî meselelerini edebî eserlerde konu etmesi bakımından dikkat çekicidir. Ayrıca kendisini dinî bir dergi olarak tanımlayan el-Medâris, devrin farklı ideolojilerine mensup ediplerin eserlerinden de örnekler sunar. Bu çalışmada, II. Meşrutiyet döneminin süreli yayın faaliyetlerine değinilecek, bahsettiğimiz özelliklerine binaen el-Medâris dergisinin bu yayınlar arasındaki yeri ortaya konulacaktır. Derginin edebî muhtevası şiir, mensur şiir, hikâye, makale, deneme, tenkit ve nesir tefrikası örnekleri üzerinden açıklanacaktır. Makalenin sonunda yer alan ek bölümünde ise sayı, sayfa, tarih, yazar, başlık, tür ve açıklama bilgilerini gösteren bir tablo ile muhteva dökümü yapılacaktır

LITERARY CONTENT IN THE JOURNAL OF EL-MEDÂRİS

The numbers of newspapers and journals, published on the Ottoman land in declared second constitutionalism, were increased. Intellectuals, bureaucrats and litterateurs adopting various ideologies used periodicals of this period to express their thoughts. Islamism was the most influential stream of thhought at that time. Journal of elMedâris, is among Islamic journals like Sırât-ı Müstakim, Sadâ-yı Hak, Mahfil, Beyânü’l-Hak, Cerîde-i Sûfiye, Cerîde-i İlmiyye , Cihan-ı İslam. elMedâris, is a nineteen volumes of journal which was owned, edited and published by Şehsuvarzâde Mehmet Behçet(Perim) in 1913. Among the journals those belong to the period of Second Constitution (2ndMeşrutiyet), el-Medâris comes forwardin regard to having literaryreligious qualifications, comprising various literary genres, and mentioning its contemporary social, cultural, political and military issues in literary works. Due to the aforementioned specifications of the journal, in this study periodical activities throughout the years of Second Constitution will be mentioned and the place of el-Medâris amongst these periodicals will be put forward. Literary content of the journal will be explained through samples of poem, prosaic poem, story, article, essay, review and prose serials. At the additional section of the article, content will be inventoried by using a table showing information on issue, page, date, writer, title, genre and explanation In 1908, together with the declaration of Constitutional Monarchy II, many journals and newspapers were published. These periodicals become the voice of people clustered around various ideologies. Islamist journals, which favor a traditionalism and being led by Sırât-ı Müstakîm during the Constitutional Monarchy II period, İctihâd ve Bilgi Mecmuası which advocates positivism, journals which favor Turkish nationalism in the Türk Yurdu line, İştirak which is dominated by socialist ideas, Felsefe journal which stands out with modernist and materialist views are the reflections of idea movements in the magazines. Islamism is the most effective and the most broad-minded idea of the Constitutional Monarchy period. Advocates of this movement carry their speeches from the stages of politics to the mosque minbars and from here on to the columns of the periodicals in order to prove that Islam does not impede progress. Besides Sırât-ı Müstakîm, Sadâ-yı Hak, Mahfil, Beyân al-Hak, Cerîde-i Sûfiye, Ceride-i Ilmiye, Cihan-i Islâm, el-Medâris are the first ones to come to mind on the Islamist line. El-Medâris, which is among these journals, defines itself as a religious, scholarly, literary, social, and philosophical journals. The journal, which means literally “medrese”, has the purpose of serving the interests of the students at the Islamic medrese. el-Medâris is a journal with an Islamic line, but it also includes the works of the litterateurs belonging to different ideologies. In the texts on the agenda, personal, religious, political-military, social events are added to the religious contents of the literary texts while emphasizing more religious matters. On the one hand, there are artifacts that have touched the old, and on the other side, literary genres which turn their faces to the new found a place among the pages of the journal. So much so that, in the issue titled as "small story" (“küçük hikaye”), we can see“menakbnâme” has its place in the issue. In one issue, the work of Tevfik Fikret, in the other issue the work of Mehmet Akif is presented. While reading a Persian “na'at” and its translations in one issue, it turns out that a translation of a poem by Viktor Hugo is encountered in another issue. El-Medâris makes it necessary for us to study this structure which suddenly penetrates into the literary conception of the age. The study will attempt to discuss the literary panorama of 1913 through the el-Medaris example. For this purpose, the literary material in the journal is shown with a table at the end of the article, and the traces of the said polyphony and the search in literary genres are followed. There are 46 poems, 2 proses, 3 stories, 2 articles, 3 essays and 1 critic text in el-Medâris journal. To be understood, the literary content of the journal is based on poetry. 46 poems are published in el-Medâris pages. Thirty-two of them are in Turkish, thirteen in Persian and one in Arabic. Turkish poems published in the magazine generally have religious, personal, military and social content. As seen in the table at the end of our work, poems were also tried to be classified in terms of verse forms. The religious content poems are about praying to Allah, praising the Prophet, advocating Islam, introducing the features of the Ramadan. In social content poems, the feeling of compassion and death are dominant. In the case of personal content poetry, there is a tendency towards nature. Political poems are related to the state of the Ottoman State at the time. The liberation of Edirne from enemy occupation has been the subject of many poetry. In the el-Medâris journal, there are two prose examples with a "poem" note on it. These works, which we have described as prose poetry, deals with the issues of the country, in parallel with theloss of the Ottoman State landsduring the Constitutional Monarchy II, together with the elements of nature. There are three stories in el-Medâris. Two of them tell the story of veil, one tells the village life and indirectly the concept of military. The three stories we have studied include people around a technically simple case. The stories titled “İki Arşın Bir Çarşaf”, “Tesettür-i Nisvân Aleyhinde..,” does not include time, space descriptions and analysis of individuals. In the story of “Soluk Yapraklar”, a detailed village depiction is included. In three stories, individuals show type-specific features. The bride and mother-in-law, especially in the "Two Archines, a Bed Sheet", are examples of opposite characters of a contemporary modernist and a traditionalist type. It is obvious that two stories about veil are also stories with a thesis. In the el-Medâris journal, there are two articles that are included in the limits of literature, as well as articles on the political, social, cultural life and its issues of the period. Both of these articles are about poetry. One of these is the article bearing Tevfik Fikret's article titled "Lisan-iŞi'r" which was previously published in Servet-iFünûn. In the article entitled "What is Poetry?" Of Ahmet Reşit Rey who uses the signature of H. Nazım, it is seen that the special features of poetry are emphasized. There are three articles in the el-Medâris journal that can qualify as essays. The article entitled "Nidâ-yı Kin ü Vahşet" bearing the sign of Ali Rıza was written for a close relative of himafter his death. The author also expresses sadness since Edirne is under Bulgarian occupation. These two are about the pain of death. As we have seen in the form of poetry, the influence of military and political issues of the age on the literary texts is also noticed in the essay. The criticisms in the el-Medâris journal can be classified under two types. One of these is a response to the writings which are written in other journal and newspapers, and the other is directed at applications related to issues that concern society. The only article that qualifies as the second type of writing, is the article entitled “Ramazan ile Tiyatrolar Kâbil-iTevfikmidir?” written by Mehmet Behçet [Perim] with the signature Şehsuvarzade. In this article, in which the theaters and the players are criticized, it is emphasized that people must be together in a mourning mood and create a strong spiritual atmosphere in such a time that the Ottoman Empire is in a war. As emphasized in the expressions under the heading of the journal, el-Medâris, which has a religious-literary content, contains texts in which literary forms, both reflecting species of classical style and reflecting new searches, are preferred. Especially poetry examples in the magazine are remarkable in this respect. In addition to the Persian poems which have all the identities of classical poetry, there are also poems which have different elements in terms of verse form which develop around a certain subject. Poems have religious, personal, social, military content. Religious content poems are about praying to Allah, praising the Prophet, advocating Islam, introducing the features of the Ramadan. In social content poems, the feeling of compassion and death are dominant. In the case of personal content poetry, there is a tendency towards nature. Political poems are related to the state of the Ottoman State at the time. The liberation of Edirne from enemy occupation has been the subject of many poetry. Another dimension of this diversity that has been identified in terms of the subject can be said for the writer's staff. Despite its Islamic line, the works of poets belonging to different ideologies such as NigarHanım, Cenab Şehabeddin, Riza Tevfik, İsmail Safa and Mehmet Akif which are published in different magazines, find place in the pages of El-Medâris. el-Medâris has rich contents in terms of verse specimens as well as prose types. Small story and “menakibname” titles are at the same issue of the journal. Even this is an indication that the journal had a wide range of perspective. Social issues are handled literally in the stories of the journal. The controversy about veil was answered by taking the experience of story heroes as center. On one hand, the life of the village was discussed in the eyes of an engaged couple while in the other hand information about military conditions is given. Two articles of journal which is about literature are poetry. These are about the remarks of Tevfik Fikret and of H. Nazim on poetry. Fikret pointed out the importance of style in poetry, and H. Nazim emphasized the definition, scope and subjects of poetry. In the texts that we can characterize as an essay, personal sensitivities, especially death, are written. In the only text that can be shown as an example of literary criticism, it has been criticized that theatrical plays are played during wartime. The influence of the social and political developments on the literary content of el-Medâris is observable. The affairs of Constitutional Monarchy II period are encountered as poetry, story, prose, essay, or a criticism. Sometimes a story in the journal was instrumental in expressing convictions, even for some which require a law to be issued at the time, about a political situation. Sometimes a poem is a critique of an article which is written in another magazine. Even though the emphasis of patriotism takes placein the most personal texts, nature makes it possible for poets and writers to withdraw themselves from the sad atmosphere and to be directed to their inner world. This situation is important both in seeing how the el-Medâris journal reflects the characteristics of the period and how the literary texts are influenced from the agenda of the period.

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