THE ARMENIAN FORCED RELOCATION: PUTTING AN END TO MISLEADING SIMPLIFICATIONS

Bu makale Türk-Ermeni ihtilafının üç konusunu incelemektedir. İlk olarak, Ermeniler ve Ermeni yanlılarının iddia ettiğinin aksine, özellikle İstanbul, Batı ve Orta Anadolu ve ayrıca Arap vilayetlerinde, sayıları yaklaşık olarak 500.000i bulan çok sayıda Ermeni sevk ve iskândan muaf tutulmuşlardır. Ayrıca, Osmanlı hükümetinin Ermeni sürgünlere yönelik politikası, çok sayıda vakada bu politika başarısız olmuş olsa dahi, koruyucu bir politikadır. İstanbuldan gelen emirler çok açıktır. Özellikle,Osmanlı hükümetinin yiyecek sağlamadığı ve yabancı yardımlarını engellediği gibi suçlamalar kesinlikle asılsızdır. Bu tür suçlamalar tahrif edilmiş kanıtlara dayandırılmaktadır ve Osmanlı olduğu kadar Amerikan ve Alman kaynaklarının da göz ardı edilmesi anlamına gelmektedir. Eğer 1915-1916 sevk ve iskânı, Osmanlı Ermenilerinin 1914-1922 yılları arasında yaşadığı kayıpların asıl sebebi olarak sunuluyorsa bu gerçeğe aykırıdır. Aslında, Rusların gerçekleştirdiği sevk ve mülteci akını olduğu kadar Ermeni radikal gruplarının Fransızların çekilmesi sırasında Kilikya Ermenilerinin göç ettirilmesindeki sorumluluğu ve Rumların 1922deki yakma politikası ile Batı Anadoludaki Hristiyanların zorla göç ettirilmesi de göz önüne alınmalıdır.

(ERMENİ ZORUNLU GÖÇÜ: ALDATICI BASITLEŞTIRMELERE SON VERMEK)

This paper studies three aspects of the Turkish-Armenian conflict. First of all, contrary to what the main Armenian and proArmenian affirm, there were hundreds of thousands, likely 500,000 Armenians, who were exempted of relocation, particularly in Istanbul, Western and Central Anatolia as well as in the Arab provinces. Then, the policy of the Ottoman government vis-à-vis the Armenian exiles was a protective ones, even if this protection failed in a considerable number of cases. The orders from Istanbul are clear. In particular, it is false to assert that the Ottoman government did not provide food and opposed the foreign relief. Such accusations are based on manipulation of evidence and neglect Ottoman as well as American and German sources. The relocation of 1915-16 is also misrepresented if described as the only reason for the losses of the Ottoman Armenian community between 1914 and 1922. In fact, the Russian relocation and the flow of refugees have to be considered, as well as the direct responsibilities of the Armenian extremists in the emigration of Armenians from Cilicia during the French withdrawal and the Greek scorched earth policy in 1922, which included the forced exile of the Christians from Western Anatolia.

___

Aharonian, Avetis and Boghos Nubar, The Armenian Question Before the Paris Peace Conference, Paris : Imprimerie Dupont, 1919.

Ahmad, Feroz. The Young Turks and the Ottoman Nationalities, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2014.

Akçam, Taner. The Young Turks Crime against Humanity, Princeton-Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2012.

Balakian, Peter. The Burning Tigris. The Armenian Genocide and Americas Response, New York: Perennial, 2004.

Çiçek, Kemal. The Great War and the Forced Migration of Armenians, Belfast: Athol Books, 2011.

Dadrian, Vahakn N. The Naim-Andonian Documents on the World War I Destruction of Ottoman Armenians: The Anatomy of a Genocide, International Journal of Middle East Studies, XVIII-3, August 1986, pp. 311-360.

Dixon-Johnson, Cuthbert Francis. The Greeks in Asia Minor, London: Cole & C°, 1919,

Dündar, Fuat. Taner Akçamın Son Kitabı Vesilesiyle %10 Katliam Sorunu: Ermeni Meselesi Hallolunmuş mudur?, Toplumsal Tarih, June 2008, pp. 181-183.

Erickson, Edward J. Ottomans and Armenians. A Study in Counter-Insurgency, New York-London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2013.

Ertan, Semi. An Armenian at the Turkish Parliament in the Early Republican Period: Berç Türker Keresteciyan, master thesis, Sabancı University, http://armenians-1915.blogspot.com/2007/03/1473-armenian-atparliament-in-early.html

Fay, Sidney Bradshaw. The Origins of the World War, New York-TorontoLondon: MacMillan, 1928, volume II.

Findley, Carter Vaughn. Turkey, Islam, Nationalism and Modernity. A History, 1789-2007, New Haven-London: Yale University Press, 2010.

Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace, New York: Owl Books, 2001.

Gauin, Maxime. How to Create a Problem of Refugees: the Evacuation of Cilicia by France and the Flow of Armenian Civilians (1921-1922), Review of Armenian Studies, n° 25, 2012, pp. 65-101.

Gauin, Maxime. The Convergent Analysis of Russian, British, French, and American Officials Regarding the Armenian Volunteers (1914-1922), International Review of Turkish Studies, I-4, pp. 8-43.

Georgelin, Hervé. La Fin de Smyrne, Paris, CNRS, 2005.

Georges-Gaulis, Berthe. Angora, Constantinople, Londres. Moustafa Kémal et la politique anglaise en Orient, Paris, Armand Colin, 1922.

Güçlü, Yücel. Mislabeling Genocide?, The Middle East Quarterly, Spring 2006, pp. 6768, http://www.meforum.org/969/the-great-game-of-genocide Güçlü, Yücel. Armenians and the Allies in Cilicia (1914-1923), Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2010.

Güçlü, Yücel. The Holocaust and the Armenian Case in Comparative Perspective, Lanham-Boulder-New York-Toronto-Plymouth: University Press of America, 2012.

Günay, Nejla. XX. Yüzyılda Maraş (Ermeniler, Türkler, Müslümanlar). Makaleler, Karamanmaraş: Ukde, 2012.

Halaçoğlu, Yusuf. Facts on the Relocation of Armenians (1914-1918), Ankara: TTK, 2002.

Halaçoğlu, Yusuf. The Story of 1915. What happened to the Ottoman Armenians?, Ankara: TTK, 2008.

Housepian, Marjorie. Smyrna 1922. The Destruction of a City, New York: Newmark Press, 1998.

Hovannisian, Richard G. Armenia on the Road to Independence, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press, 1967.

Hovannisian, Richard G. The Republic of Armenia, Berkeley-Los AngelesLondon: University of California Press, volume I, 1971, and II, 1982.

Kaiser, Hilmar. Regional resistance to central government policies: Ahmed Djemal Pasha, the governors of Aleppo, and Armenian deportees in the spring and summer of 1915, Journal of Genocide Research, XII-3/4, 2010, pp. 173-218.

Langer, William. The Diplomacy of Imperialism, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1951.

Lewis, Bernard. Notes on a Century. Reflections of a Middle East Historian, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2012.

Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey, New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Lewy, Guenter. The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2005.

Lowry, Heath. Richard G. Hovannisian on Lieutenant Robert Steed Dunn. A Review Note, The Journal of Ottoman Studies, V, 1985, pp. 209-252, http://english.isam.org.tr/documents/_dosyalar/_pdfler/osmanli_arastirmala ri_dergisi/osmanl%C4%B1_sy5/1986_5_LOWRYHW.pdf

Lowry, Heath. Turkish History: On Whose Sources Will it Be Based? A Case Study on the Burning of Izmir, The Journal of Ottoman Studies, IX, 1989, pp. 12-14, http://english.isam.org.tr/documents/_dosyalar/_pdfler/osmanli_arastirmala ri_dergisi/osmanl%C4%B1_sy9/1989_9_LOWRYHW.pdf

Lowry, Heath. The Story Behind Ambassador Morgenthaus Story, Istanbul: The Isis Press, 1990.

McCarthy, Justin, Cemalettin Taşkıran and Ömer Turan, Sasun: The History of an 1890s Armenian Revolt, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2014.

McCarthy, Justin, Esat Arslan, Cemalettin Taşkıran and Ömer Turan, The Armenian Rebellion at Van, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2006.

McCarthy, Justin. The Population of the Ottoman Armenians, in Türkkaya Ataöv (ed.), The Armenians in the Late Ottoman Period, Ankara: TTK/TBMM, 2002, pp. 65-85.

McCarthy, Justin. Wellington House and the Turks, in The Turks, Ankara: Yeni Türkiye, 2002, volume V, pp. 457-467.

McCarthy, Justin. Muslims and Minorities. The Population of Ottoman Anatolia and the End of the Empire, New York-London: New York University, 1983.

Moumdjian, Garabet. Rebels With a Cause Armenian-Macedonian Relations and their Bulgarian Connection, 1895-1913, in Hakan Yavuz and Isa Blumi (ed.), War and Nationalism. The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913, and their Sociopolitical Implications, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2013, pp. 131-175.

Pallis, A. A. Greeces Anatolian Ventureand After, London: Methuen & C°, 1937.

Planhol, Xavier de. Minorités en Islam, Paris : Flammarion, 1997.

Read, James Morgan. Atrocity Propaganda. 1914-1919, New Haven-London: Yale University Press/Oxford University Press, 1941.

Şahin, Erman. A Scrutiny of Akçams Version of History and the Armenian Genocide, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, XXVIII-2, August 2008, pp. 303-319, http://tc-america.org/files/news/pdf/Erman-Sahin-ReviewArticle.pdf

Salt, Jeremy. Imperialism, Evangelism and the Ottoman Armenians, 1878- 1896, London-Portland: Frank Cass, 1993.

Sarınay, Yusuf. What Happened on April 24, 1915? The Circular of April 24, 1915, and the Arrest of Armenian Committee Members in Istanbul, International Journal of Turkish Studies, XIV-1 & 2, Fall 2008, pp. 75-101, http://www.turkishcanadians.com/wp-content/uploads/april_-24.pdf

Scipio, Lynn A. My Thirty Years in Turkey, Rindge, Richard R. Smith Publisher, 1955.

Shaw, Stanford Jay and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, New York-Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, volume II, 1978.

Shaw, Stanford Jay. The Armenian Legion and its Destruction of the Armenian Community in Cilicia, in Türkkaya Ataöv (ed.), The Armenians in the Late Ottoman Period, pp. 155-206.

Shaw, Stanford Jay. The Ottoman Empire in World War I, Ankara: TTK, volume II, 2008.

Sperco, Willy .Turcs dhier et daujourdhui, Paris : Nouvelles éditions latines, 1961.

Ternon, Yves. Les Arméniens, histoire dun génocide, Paris : Le Seuil, 1996.

Toynbee, Arnold Acquaintances, London: Oxford University Press, 1967.

Toynbee, Arnold J. The Western Question in Greece and Turkey, LondonBombay-Sydney: Constable & C°, 1922.

Tuncel, Turgut Kerem. Armenian Diaspora: State and the Imagination of the Republic of Armenia, Ankara: Terazi Publications, 2014.

Veinstein, Gilles. Trois questions sur un massacre, LHistoire, April 1995, pp. 40-41.

Weber, Frank G. Eagles on the Crescent. Germany, Austria and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance. 1914-1918, Ithaca (NY)-London: Cornell University Press, 1970.

Zamir, Meir. Population statistics of the Ottoman empire in 1914 and 1919, Middle Eastern Studies, XVII-1, January 1981, pp. 85-106.

Zürcher, Erik Jan. Turkey. A Modern History, London-New York: I. B. Tauris, 2004.

ISSN: 1303-5304
Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
Başlangıç: 2002
Yayıncı: Terazi Yayıncılık Basım Dağıtım Danışmanlık Eğitim Organizasyon Matbaacılık Kırtasiye Tic. Ltd. Şti.