Kentsel Mekân Üretiminde ‘Kendin Yap’ Hareketi

Kentleşme çoğu zaman planlı gerçekleşse de kimi zaman çeşitli aktörlerin spontane müdahaleleri ile şekillenmektedir. Bu çalışma bunlardan ikincisi olan yani kentlerde kendiliğinden gerçekleşen küçük ölçekli uygulamaları ele almaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı 'kendin yap kentleşmesi' (DIY Urbanism) ya da 'taktiksel kentleşme' (Tactical Urbanism) adıyla bilinen bu hareketlerin örneklerini aktörleri ve amaçları açısından incelemek ve bu uygulamaların kentsel mekâna ve kentleşme sürecine etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amacı gerçekleştirebilmek için literatür taraması, medya araştırması, gözlem ve örnek inceleme araştırma teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları bu hareketlere dâhil olan aktörlerin mahalleliler, aktivist gruplar, kamu kurumları veya belediyeler, üniversiteler, özel girişimciler ve diğer şahıslar olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu uygulamaların en belirgin amaçları bir ihtiyacın giderilmesi, kentsel estetik veya sanat arayışı, şahsi veya ticari fayda sağlama ve çeşitli konularda verilen tepkiler olarak bulunmuştur. Kendin yap kentleşmesinin olumlu yanları kentsel mekânı daha yaşanabilir, yürünebilir ve kullanıcıya uygun hale getirme ve güzelleştirme olasılığının olması, kentleşme sürecine kullanıcıların doğrudan katılımını sağlaması ve pratik, uygulanabilir ve esnek çözümler getirmesi olarak saptanmıştır. Bunların yanında izinsiz eylemler olması ve kapsayıcı planlama kararlarıyla entegrasyon sorunları gibi olumsuz yanları da bulunmaktadır

Do it Yourself (DIY) Movement in Urban Space Production

Even though urbanism is usually realized within a plan, it is sometimes formed by spontanous interventions of various actors. This study deals with the second type that includes small scale practices spontaneously realized in cities. The aim of this study is to examine the examples of these movements, which are known as ‘do it yourself urbanism’ (DIY urbanism) or ‘tactical urbanism’, in terms of their actors and purposes and to put forward the effects of these practices on urban space and urbanism process. To manage this aim, research techniques including literature review, media search, observation and case studies are used. The findings of this study shows that the actors involved in these movements are local people, activist groups, public institutions or municipalities, universities, private entrepreneurs and other individuals. It is found that the main purposes of these practices are resolving a need, providing urban easthetics or art, taking advantage of private or commercial benefits and reacting to various issues. The positive aspects of do it yourself urbanism are determined as having the possibility of beautifying and making urban space more livable, walkable and user friendly, providing direct participation of users in urbanism process and proposing practical, implementable and flexible solutions. Besides, there are negative aspects such as being illegal activities and having integration problems with comprehensive planning decisions

PDF

___

Benner, S. M. (2013). Tactical Urbanism: From Civil Disobedience to Civic Improvement. The University of Texas.
Campo, D. (2014). Iconic eyesores: exploring do-it-yourself preservation and civic improvement at abandoned train stations in Buffalo and Detroit. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 7(4), 351–380. http://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2014 .952322
De Wandeler, K. (2015). Learning Tactical Urbanism: An Action-Research Workshop in Brussels, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on ‘Cities, People and Places’, ICCPP, Ekim 2015, Colombo, Sri Lanka. https://www. researchgate.net/publication/283319667_Learning_tactical_urbanism_an_action-research_workshop_in_Brussels, Erişim Tarihi 21 Şubat 2016.
Deslandes, A. (2013). Exemplary amateurism: thoughts on DIY urbanism. Cultural Studies Review, 19(1), 216-227.
Douglas, G. C. C. (2014). Do-It-Yourself Urban Design: The Social Practice of Informal “Improvement” Through Unauthorized Alteration. City & Community, 13(1), 5–25. http://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12029
Enigbokan, A. (2015). Delai Sam: social activism as contemporary art in the emerging discourse of DIY urbanism in Russia. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 1–16. http://doi.org/10. 1080/ 17549175.2015.1029507
Fabian, L., & Samson, K. (2015). Claiming participation – a comparative analysis of DIY urbanism in Denmark. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 1–19. http:// doi.org/10.1080/17549175. 2015.1056207
Finn, D. (2014-1). Introduction to the special issue on DIY urbanism. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 7(4), 331-332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2014. 959154
Finn, D. (2014-2). DIY urbanism: implications for cities. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 7(4), 381-398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2014.891149
Gamez, J. L. S., & Sorensen, J. (2014). No more waiting for Superman: teaching DIY urbanism and reflexive practice. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 7(4), 333– 350. http://doi.org/10.1080/ 17549175.2014.909516
Iveson, K. (2013). Cities within the city: Do-it-yourself Urbanism and the Right to the City. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(3), 941-956. http://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12053
Jabareen, Y. (2014). “Do it yourself ” as an informal mode of space production: conceptualizing informality, Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 7(4), 414-428, http://doi. org/10.1080/ 17549175.2014.884975
Lydon, M., & Garcia, T. (2015). Chapter 1: Disturbing the Order of Things. In Tactical Urbanism: Short-term Action for Long-term Change (Lydon and Garcia eds.), 1-23. Island Press. https://issuu.com/islandpress/ docs/lydon_cnu, Erişim Tarihi 21 Şubat 2016.
Lydon, M., Bartman, D., Woudstra, R., Khawarzad, A. (2011). Tactical Urbanism: Short Terrm Action Long Term Change. Vol. 1. The Street Plans Collaborative. https://issuu.com/streetplanscollaborative/docs/tactical_ urbanism_vol.1, Erişim Tarihi 21 Şubat 2016.
Lydon, M., Bartman, D., Woudstra, R., Khawarzad, A. (2012). Tactical Urbanism: Short Terrm Action Long Term Change. Vol. 2. The Street Plans Collaborative. https://issuu.com/streetplanscollaborative/docs/tactical_ urbanism_vol_2_final, Erişim Tarihi 21 Şubat 2016.
Mould, O. (2014). Tactical urbanism: The new vernacular of the creative city. Geography Compass, 8(8), 529-539.
Németh, J., & Langhorst, J. (2014). Rethinking urban transformation: Temporary uses for vacant land. Cities, 40, 143–150. http://doi.org/10.1016/j. cities.2013.04.007
Pfeifer, L. (2013). The Planner’s Guide to Tactical Urbanism. https://reginaurban ecology.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/tuguide1.pdf, Erişim Tarihi 21 Şubat 2016.
Poole, S. E. (2009). When Neighborhoods Need Help, Call in the College Kids! Parks & Recreation, April, 50–55.
Sakal, A. (2015). İstanbul Kentsel Mekânında Gündelik Taktikler. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi) İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi/ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
Sawhney, N., De Klerk, C., & Malhotra, S. (2015). Civic Engagement through DIY Urbanism and Collective Networked Action. Planning Practice & Research, 30(3), 337–354. http://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2015.10 54662
Scaff,K. (n.d.). DIY Urbanism: changing communities, one piece of artwork at a time. http://www.uc.edu/cdc/images/events/diy_urbanism/DIY_Urbanism_Article.pdf., Erişim Tarihi 21 Şubat 2016.
Shepard, B. (2014). DIY urbanism as an environmental justice strategy: The Case Study of Time’s Up! 1987-2012. Theory in Action, 7(2), 42–73. http://doi.org/ 10.3798/tia.1937-0237.14010
Spataro, D. (2015). Against a de-politicized DIY urbanism: Food Not Bombs and the struggle over public space. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 1–17. http://doi. org/10.1080/ 17549175.2015.1056208
Strzelecka, M., Sorensen, J., & Wicks, B. E. (2010). The role of place attachment in revitalization of neighborhood parks in East St . Louis. Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure, 33(2), 251–272. http://doi.org/10.1080/ 07053436.2010.10707811
Talen, E. (2015). Do-it-Yourself Urbanism: A History. Journal of Planning History, 14(2), 135-148. http://doi.org/10.1177/1538513214549325 Tanglay, Ö. (2005). Kentsel Dışavurumun Sınır Tanımaz Halleri: Sokakların İç Sesleri. Planlama, 3, 49–55.
Url 1: http://www.serhattv.com.tr/haber/254897/kanalizasyon-sisteminivatandas-kendi-yapti.html (erişim tarihi: 04.04.2016)
Url 2: http://www.yaglidere.com/aksanin-yapamadigini-vatandas-kendi-imkanlariyla-yapti/ (erişim tarihi: 04.04.2016)
Url 3: http://www.59.com.tr/haber/vatandas-kendi-yolunu-kendi-yapti/1 (erişim tarihi: 04.04.2016)
Url 4: http://www.sanliurfa.com/belediye-nin-yapmadigi-yolu-kendileriyaptilar/16714 32707/ (erişim tarihi: 04.04.2016)
Url 5: http://www.adanayorum.com/vatandas-kendi-yolunu-kendisi-yapiyor- 10491h.htm (erişim tarihi: 05.04.2016)
Url 6: http://www.vatandasgazetesi.com.tr/gundem/vatandas-kendi-cozumunu-buldu-h9531.html (erişim tarihi: 04.04.2016)
Url 7: http://www.iha.com.tr/haber-bu-da-vatandasin-uyari-levhasi-285049/ (erişim tarihi: 05.04.2016)
Url 8: http://www.antalyasokaklari.com/2015/07/belediye-yapmayincamahalleli-yapti/ (erişim tarihi: 06.04.2016)
Url 9: http://www.haberdenizli.com/ilceler/vatandas-koprusunu-kendi-yapti-h14661.html (erişim tarihi: 04.04.2016)
Url 10: http://www.netgazete.com/yasam/karadenizli-vatandas-kendibogazkoprusunu-yapti-605952 (erişim tarihi: 04.04.2016)
Url 11: http://www.gazete32.com.tr/video-galeri/kendi-koprusunu-kendiyapti.html (erişim tarihi: 04.04.2016)
Url 12: http://emlakkulisi.com/rizede-bir-vatandas-evine-ulasmak-icin-yaptigi-kopruye-kapi-takti/237179 (erişim tarihi: 04.04.2016)
Url 13: http://www.haber7.com/neler-oluyor-hayatta/haber/977892-tahtakopru-icin-acilis-toren-yaptilar (erişim tarihi: 05.04.2016)
Url 14: http://www.edessatv.com/sanliurfa/urfada-vatandas-cami-yaptiimam-yok-h11595.html (erişim tarihi: 04.04.2016)
Url 15: http://www.ankarasonhaber.com/vatandas-merdivenini-kendi-yapti/5383/ (erişim tarihi: 04.04.2016)
Url 16: http://www.oncevatan.com.tr/yasam/yamactaki-evi-icin-raylisistem-yapti-h7148 1.html (erişim tarihi: 05.04.2016)
Url 17: http://www.hakimiyet.com/gundem/kaldirim-isgaline-vatandascozumu-h455 95.html (erişim tarihi: 05.04.2016)
Url 18: http://beyazgazete.com/haber/2010/2/27/vatandas-yapimi-otobusduragi-47177.html (erişim tarihi: 04.04.2016)
Url 19: http://derekoy.bozkir.info/2015/04/bozkr-derekoyde-cocuklar-kendi-oyun.html (erişim tarihi: 12.04.2016)
Url 20: http://fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr/galeridetay/82194/2/1/belediyeyapmayinca-vatandas-kendi-duragini-yapti (erişim tarihi: 04.04.2016)
Url 21: http://www.egedesonsoz.com/haber/Merdiven-devrimi-Her-yergokkusagi/849 082 (erişim tarihi: 05.04.2016)
Url 22: http://xxi.com.tr/projeler/bir-imkan-olarak-mimarlik/ (erişim tarihi: 06.04.2016)
Url 23: http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/sokak-hayvanina-yeni-yuva-28001807 (erişim tarihi: 05.04.2016)
Url 24: http://www.sokakbizim.org/ayda-bir-gun-sokak-bizim/ (erişim tarihi: 06.04.2016)
Url 25: http://www.netgazete.com/yasam/izmir-foca-da-engelli-yolunuisgal-edenlere-carpici-uyari-683968 (erişim tarihi: 05.04.2016)
Url 26: http://www.nilufer.bel.tr/haber-1628-niluferde_oyun_engel_tanimaz_projesi_ tamamlandi#prettyPhoto (erişim tarihi: 04.04.2016)
Url 27: http://gecicimudahale.org/projeler/kemeraltina-gecici-mudahale/ atelye-calismalari/ (erişim tarihi: 05.04.2016)
Url 28: http://www.mimarizm.com/haberler/kamusal-farkindalik-yararinasokaga-kucuk-dokunuslar_ 118005 (erişim tarihi: 04.04.2016)
Url 29: http://www.yesilist.com/cms.php?u=baska-bir-soframumkun&id=1395 (erişim tarihi: 12.04.2016)
Url 30: http://yeryuzuneozgurluk.blogspot.com.tr/2014/03/istanbuldasoylesi-1995-anti-nukleer.html (erişim tarihi: 12.04.2016)
Url 31: http://haberciniz.biz/2-izmir-otomobilsiz-kent-gununde-bisiklettesvik-edilecek-3612167h.htm (erişim tarihi: 12.04.2016)