Diyâr-ı Rûm’da Mekân, Yer ve Şehirlerin Kuruluş Hikâyeleri

1960’lı yıllardan itibaren, mekânın çok katmanlı sosyal bir kurgu olduğuna dair geliştirilen teoriler, edebiyat, tarih, coğrafya, teoloji ve siyaset gibi birçok sosyal bilim alanındaki araştırmaları etkilemiş ve etkilemektedir. Tarihsel araştırmalarda yararlanılan kronik, hajiografi ve epik gibi anlatımsal kaynaklarda, zaman ve mekân (chronotrope) hikâyelerin temel taşıyıcılarıdır. Mekân tarihsel kişilikler için kapsayıcı bir alan ve olayların geçtiği yerdir. Mekân incelemesi yalnızca tarihsel kaynaklarda belirli bir yerin incelenmesi olmayıp, kişilerin mekânlar arası hareketleri, içeride veya dışarıda tasvir edilmeleri ve bu hususlarla ilgili duygu ve düşüncelerini de içermektedir. Topophilia ve topophobia gibi kavramlar da kişilerin anlatı içerisinde bazı yerlerle ilgili arzu ve korkularına işaret eder. Bir mekânın yere dönüşmesi ve o alanda yaşayan kişilerin varoluş ve kimliklerini etkilemesi açısından mîmârî, peyzaj, toponimi ve belirli mekânlar hakkında anlatılan hikâyeler büyük önem taşır. Bu makalede temel olarak Müslüman-Türk epikleri ve Bizans şehitlik hikâyeleri incelenecektir. Müslümanlar tarafından Diyâr-ı Rûm, Rûm İli gibi isimlerle adlandırılan Bizans topraklarındaki şehirlerin on birinci yüzyıl ve sonrası “Türk Müslüman grupların” göçü, yerleşimi ve fetihleriyle paralel toponimisi ve şehirlerin yeni yaratılmış kuruluş hikâyeleri aracılığıyla Bizans şehrinden “Türk/Müslüman” şehrine âidiyet dönüşümü üzerinde durulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Diyar-ı Rum, Orta Çağ, mekân, yer, Bizans şehirleri, şehir kuruluş hikâyeleri

Space, Place and Foundation Stories of the Cities in the Land of Rome

The theories on space as being a multi-layered social construction have been influencing studies conducted in social sciences, especially the ones on literature, history, geography, theology and political science since 1960s. In the narrative historical sources such as chronicles, epics and hagiography, time and space (chronotrope) are the essential building blocks of the stories. Space in the historical sources is the container for the events and for the historical figures (factual or fictional) in which the characters may stand still or move. Space turns into a place through naming (toponym), manipulation of the landscapes (city architecture as well as arable land and social structures) and through telling stories about a particular place. This article examines Byzantine hagiography and Turkish Muslim epics in order to examine the way in which the cities of Byzantium (Diyar-ı Rum, Land of Rome) turn into “Turkish Muslim,” cities through toponymic changes and the creation of new foundation stories.

Keywords:

Land of Rome, Middle Ages, space, place, Byzantine cities, foundation stories of the cities,

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