Elaıussa Sebaste’nin Roma Dönemi cam Buluntuları

Dağlık Kilikia’nın önemli liman kentlerinden biri olan Elaiussa Sebaste’nin Roma Dönemi cam buluntuları, çalışmanın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Buluntular, Erken, Orta ve Geç Roma olmak üzere üç dönem içinde değerlendirilmiştir. Hem mezar kazılarında hem de kentin diğer alanlarında yapılan kazılar sonucunda ortaya çıkarılan Erken Roma Dönemi cam buluntuları grubun en büyük bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Bu dönem cam formları içinde, İç Kalıp tekniğinde yapılmış amphoriskos’lar, kalıba döküm tekniğinde yapılmış kaseler ve ince kaplar, üfleme tekniğinde yapılmış tabak, kase, bardak, unguentarium, şişe, aryballos, modiolous bulunmaktadır. Orta İmparatorluk Dönemi’ne ait ele geçen cam parçaları, hem dönemin hem de bölgenin karakteristik formlarından oluşmaktadır. Bunlar içinde baskı bezemeli ve konkav dipli bardaklar kentin bu dönem cam buluntularının yaygın formlarıdır. Kentin Roma Dönemi cam buluntularının en küçük grubunu, Geç Roma buluntuları oluşturmaktadır. Bu grup içinde en dikkat çekici örnekler kazıma tekniğiyle bezenmiş silindir şişe parçaları ve kalıba üfleme tekniğinde yapılmış kaplardır.

The Roman Glass Finds from Elaiussa Sebaste

The subject of the study is the Roman Period glass finds excavated at Elauissa Sebaste (Mersin-Ayaş), which was an important harbors of the Rough Cilicia. The finds are classified chronologically under three time periods namely as Early, Mid and Late Roman. The majority of the finds constitutes of Early Roman Period glass finds that had been excavated through various parts of the city including the Necropolis. Analyzing the finds, core formed amphoriskoi, cast bowls and fine wares, plates constructed by blowing technique, bowls, beakers, unguentaria, bottles, aryballoi and modioli can be detected as common the glass forms of the period regarding the city. The glass finds of the Middle Roman Period are mainly composed of the characteristic forms of both the period and the region. Among these, indented beakers and beakers with concave bottom are commonly found through the city. The smallest group of the finds belongs to the Late Roman Period. The most remarkable examples among this group are fragments of cut-decorated cylindrical bottles and honey comb patterns.

___

Alarcão 1976 Alarcão, J., Fouilles de Conimbriga - VI Ceramiques Diverses et Verres, Paris.

Anderson - Stajanovic 1987 Anderson - Stajanovic, V.R., “The Chronology and Function of Ceramic Unguentaria”, American Journal of Archaeology, 91, 105-122.

Arveiller-Dulong 1985 Arveiller-Dulong, V., et.al., Le Verre d’epoque Romaine au Musée Archéologique de Strabourg, Paris.

Avigad 1972 Avigad, N., “Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem 1971”, Israel Exploration Journal,22-4, 193-200, lev. 41-46.

Barag 1972 Barag, D., “Two Roman Glass Bottles with Remnants of Oil”, Israel Exploration Journal, 24-26.

Belivanova 1999 Belivanova, A., “Early Roman Glass from Bulgaria (Ist the first half of the Iind century)”, Archaeologia Bulgarica,III, 35-49.

Berger 1960 Berger, L., Römische Gläser aus Vindonissa, Veröffentlichungen der Gesellschaft pro Vindonissa Band IV, Birkhauser Verlag Basel.

Biaggio Simona 1991 Biaggio Simona, S., I vetri Romani - Provenienti dalle terre dell’attuale Cantone Ticino, Locarno.

Bonomi 1996 Bonomi, S., Vetri Antichi del Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Adria,Giunta Regionale del Veneto.

Boosen 1984 Boosen, M., Antike Gläser – Vollständiger Katalog zweite Auflage erweitert und neubearbeitet, Kassel.

Bucovala 1968 Bucovala, M., Vase Antike de Sticla La Tomis, Constanta.

Calvi 1968 Calvi, M.C., I Vetri Romani del Museo di Aquileia, Padova.

Charlesworth 1966 Charlesworth, D., Roman Square Bottles, Journal of Glass Studies, VIII, 26-40.

Charlesworth 1976 Charlesworth, D., Glass, 244-250, içinde I.M. Stead et all., Excavatins at Winterton Roman Villa and other Roman Sites in North Lincolnshire 1958-1967, London.

Clairmont 1963 Clairmont, C.W., The Excavations at Dura Europos. Final Report4, 5. The Glass Vessels, New Haven.

Cool – Price 1995 Cool, H.E.M. – Price J., Roman Vessel Glass from Excavations in Colchester, 1971-1985, Colchester Archaeological Report 8.

Crawford 1983 Crawford, J.S.et.all, “Sardis, 1981 and 1982”, Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, XXVI-2, 182-185.

Crowfoot 1957 Crowfoot, G.M., Glass, 403-422, Crowfoot J.W., et. al., Samaria- Sebaste. Vol. 3: The objects from Samaria, London.

Czurda-Ruth 2007 Czurda-Ruth, B., Hanghaus I in Ephesos: Die Gläser,Wien.

Davidson 1952 Davidson, C.R., Corinth XII – The Minor Objects, Princeton.

De Tomasso 1990 De Tomasso, G., Ampullae Vitreae – Contenitori in Vetro di Unguenti e Sostanze Aromatiche Dell’Italia Romana ( I sec. a.C. – III sec. d.C.), Roma.

Demaine 1979 Demaine, M.R., Roman Glass from Diocletian’s Palace at Split - Yugoslavia, A thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota.

Dilly – Mahoe 1997 Dilly, G. – Mahoe, N., Verreries Antiques du Museede Picaridie, Paris.

Dusenbery 1971 Dusenbery, E.B., “Ancient Glass in the Collections of Wheaton College”, Journal of Glass Studies,XIII, 9-33.

Dussart 1995 Dussart, O., Les Verres de Jordanie et de Syrie du Sud du IVe au VIIe Siecle nouvelles données chronologiques, 343-359, La Verre De L’Antique Tardive et du Haut Moyen Age, Association Française pou l’Archéologie du Verre 18 - 19 Novembre 1993, Guiry-en-Vexin.

Dussart 1998 Dussart, O., Le Verre en Jordanie et en Syrie du Sud, Institut Français D’Archeologie du Proche-Orient Beyrouth – Damas – Amman Bibliotheque Archeologique et Historique, CLII, Beyrouth.

Engle 1978 Engle, A., Ancient Glass in its Context, Jerusalem.

Erten 2001 Erten, E., “İçel Müzesi Koleksiyonundan Cam Bardaklar”, in Günışığında Anadolu – Cevdet Bayburtluoğlu için Yazılar / Anatolia in Daylight – Essays in Honour of Cevdet Bayburtluoğlu,İstanbul 2001, 96-103.

Erten 2002 Erten, E., “Silifke Müzesi Koleksiyonu’ndan Cam Kase”, Olba, V, 97-104, Lev.40.

Erten Yağcı 1990 Erten Yağcı, E., Hatay Müzesi’ndeki bir Grup Cam Eser, I. Uluslararası Anadolu Cam Sanatı Sempozyumu 26-27 Nisan 1988 / Ist International Anatolia Glass Symposium April, 26th – 27th 1988, İstanbul 1990, 30 – 36.

Fossing 1940 Fossing, P., Glass Vessels Before Glass-blowing, Copenhagen.

Friedhoff 1989 Friedhoff von U., „Beigaben aus Glas in Körpergrabern des späten 3. und des 4. Jahrhunderts: Ein Indiz für den Sozialen Status des Bestatten?“, KölnerJahrbuch, 22, 37 – 48.

Gomolka 1978 Gomolka, G., Spätantike und frühmittellalterliche Gläser aus dem Limeskastell Iatrus bei Krivina ( Bez. Ruse ) Nord Bulgarien, Annales du 7e Congres International d’Etude Historique du Verre, Berlin-Leipzig, 15-21 aout 1977, Liege, 25-30.

Grose 1984 Grose, D.F., “Glass Forming Methods in Classical Antiquity: Some Considerations”, Journal of Glass Studies, 26, 25-34.

Grose 1989 Grose, D.F., Early Ancient Glass – The Toledo Museum of Art, New York.

Harden 1936 Harden, D.B., Roman Glass fron Karanis Found by University of Michigan Archaeological Expedition in Egypt, 1924-1929, Michigan.

Harden 1958 Harden, D.B., Roman Tomb at Vasa: The Glass (Appendix I), Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus (RDAC), 46-60.

Harden 1981 Harden, D.B., Catalogue of Greek and Roman Glass in British Museum – Volume I, London.

Hayes 1975 Hayes, J.W., Roman and Pre-Roman Glass in the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.

Ignatiadou – Antonaras 2008 Ignatiadou, D. – Antonaras, A., Glass Working Ancient and Medieval Terminology, technology and typology – A Greek- English, English-Greek Dictionary, Thessaloniki.

Isings 1957 Isings, C., 1957, Roman Glass From dated Finds, Groningen/ Djakarta.

Ivachenko 1995 Ivachenko, Y., Le Verre Proto-Byzantin recherches en Russie ( 1980 - 1990 ), La Verre De L’Antique Tardive et du Haut Moyen Age, Association Française pou l’Archéologie du Verre 18 - 19 Novembre 1993, 319 - 330.

Jackson-Tal 2004 Jackson-Tal, R.E., “The Late Hellenistic Glass Industry in Syro- Palestine: A Reappraisal”, Journal of Glass Studies, 46, 11-32.

Jennings 2000 Jennings, S., “Late Hellenistic and early Roman Cast Glass from the Souks Excavation ( Bey 006 )”, Beirut, Lebanon, Journal of Glass Studies,42, 41-59.

Lancel 1967 Lancel, S., Verrerie Antique de Tipasa, Paris.

Lightfoot 1990 Lightfoot, C.S., Some Types of Roman Cut-Glass Vessels Found in Turkey, I. Uluslararası Cam Sanatı Sempozyumu (26-27 Nisan 1988)-İstanbul, 7-15.

Lightfoot 1991 Lightfoot, C.S., “A Group of Roman Perfume Bottles From Asia Minor”, Erol Atalay Memorial, Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Dergisi I, 107 – 112.

Lightfoot 1993a Lightfoot, C., A Catalogue of Glass Finds: Sagalassos 1990, ss. 173- 193, içinde M. WALKENS, Sagalassos I- First General Report on the Survey (1986-1989) and Excavations (1990-1991), Leuven.

Lightfoot 1993b Lightfoot, C.S., “Some Examples of Ancient Cast and Ribbed Bowls in Turkey”, Journal of Glass Studies, 35, 22-38. Lightfoot – Arslan 1992

Lightfoot, C.S. – Arslan M., Ancient Glass of Asia Minor: The Yüksel Erimtan Collection / Anadolu Antik Camları: Yüksel Erimtan Koleksiyonu, Ankara.

Matheson 1980 Matheson, S.B., Ancient Glass in the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven.

Moriconi 1968 Moriconi, M.P., Vetri, in AA.VV. Studi Miscellanei Ostia I, Roma, 68-80.

Olcay 1998 Olcay, B.Y., “Tarsus Cumhuriyet Alanı Kazısı Cam Buluntuları”, ADALYA, III, 169-177.

Oliver 1983 Oliver, A., Tomb 12 at Episkopi, Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus (RDAC), 245-256.

Özbayoğlu 2003 Özbayoğlu, E., Notes on Natural Resources of Cilicia: A Contribution to Local History, Olba VIII, 159-171.

Petru 1972 Petru, S., Emonske Nekropole ( odkrite med Leti 1935-1960 ), Ljubljana. Plat Taylor – Megaw 1981

Plat Taylor, J. – Megaw A.H.S., Excavations at Ayios Philon, Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus (RDAC), 225-227.

Price 1985 Price, J., Late Hellenistic and Early Imperial Vessels Glass at Berenice: a Survey of Imported Tableware Found During Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi, içinde G. Barker, J. Lloyd, J. Reynolds, Cyrenaica in Antiquity, 287-296.

Price 1988 Price, J., The Aigières and Argentière Sites at Fréjus (Forum Julii), II emes Journees D’Etude Association Francaise Pour L’Archeologie Du Verre, Roven Novembre 1987, Lyon, 24-39.

Price 1993 Price, J., Vessel Glass from the Neronian Legionary Fortress at Usk in South Wales, 67-77, Annales du 12e Congrès de l’Assocation Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Vienne – Wien 26-31 aout 1991, Amsterdam.

von Saldern 1980 von Saldern, A., Ancient and Byzantine Glass From Sardis, Cambridge, Mass. (Sardis Monograf 6). Scattozza-Höricht 1987

Scattozza-Höricht, L.A., “Sull’origine del vetro romano di Pompei alla luce di recenti saggi strafigrafici”, Rivista di Studi Pompeiani, 1, 85-90.

Schuler 1959 Schuler, F., “Ancient Glass Making Techniques – The Molding Process”, Archaeology, 12-1, 47-52.

Sorokina 1987 Sorokina, N.P., “Glass Aryballoi (First-Third centuries A.D.) from the Northern Black Sea Region”, Journal of Glass Studies 29, 40-46.

Stern 1977 Stern, E.M., Ancient Glass at the Foundation Custodia, Groningen.

Stern 1989a Stern, E.M., The Production of Glass Vessels of the Roman Cilicia,KölnJbFrühGesch, XXII, 121-128.

Stern 1989b Stern, E.M., “Adana Bölge Müzesinde Sergilenmekte Olan Cam Eserler – The Glass Vessels Exhibited in the Bölge Museum- Adana”, Belleten 53/207-208, 583-605.

Stern 1995 Stern, E.M., The Toledo Museum of Art. Roman Mold -Blown Glass. The First Through Sixth Centuries, Toledo.

Stern 2001 Stern, E.M., Roman, Byzantine and Early Medieval Glass, 10BCE- 700CE, Ernesto Wolf Collection, Hatje Cantz Publishers.

Stern – Schlick-Nolte 1994 Stern, E.M. – Schlick-Nolte B., Frühes Glas der alten Welt. 1600 v. Chr. – 50 n. Chr. Sammlung Ernesto Wolf, Stutgart- Hatje.

Sternini 1997 Sternini, M., Vetri, içindeA. Di Vita, A. Martin, Gortina II Pretorio il Materiale Degli Scavi Colini 1970-77, Padova.

Sternini 1998 Sternini, M., La Collezzione di Antichità di Alessandro Parma di Cesnola, Bari.

Sternini 1999 Sternini, M., I vetri Provenienti dagli Scavi delle Missione Italiana a Cartagine ( 1973-1977 ), Journal of Glass Studies,41, 83-103.

Tek 2003 Tek, A.T., Prismatic Glass Bottles with Greek Inscriptions from Arycanda in Lycia, Annales du 15e Congrès de l’Assocation Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, New York 2001, 82-87.

Tek 2008 Tek, A.T., “Arykanda’da Bulunan Antik Cam Eserlere Genel Bir Bakış”, Seres’07, 153-168.

Triantafyllidis 2006 Triantafyllidis, P., Base Marks From Greece, Cyprus and Turkey, Corpus Des Signatures et Marques Sur verres Antiques (Sous la direction de Danièle Foy et Marie-Dominique Nenna), Volume-2, Aix-en-Provence-Lyon, 369-402.

Vanpeene 1993 Vanpeene, N., Verrerie de la Nècropole D’Epiais – Rhus (Val – D’oise), Rue Madame Guiry – En – Vexin, Français.

Vessberg 1952 Vessberg, O., “Roman Glass in Cyprus”, Opucula Archeologica, 7, 109-161.

Weinberg 1988 Weinberg, G.D., The Glass Factory and Manufacturing Processes, 24-102, içinde G.D. Weinberg - S.M. Goldstein, Excavations at Jalame. Site of a Glass Factory in Late Roman Palestine, Columbig.

Whitehouse 1997 Whitehouse, D., Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass – Volume One, Corning.

Winter 2006 Winter, T., „The Glass Vessels form ‘Ein Ez-Zeituna“, Atiqot, 51, 77-84.

Zampieri 1998 Zampieri, G., Vetri Antichi del Museo Civico Archeologico di Padova, Padova.