ÖZGECİ DAVRANIŞ OLGUSUNA İLİŞKİN EPİSTEMOLOJİK SORUNLAR ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME: SİYAH, BEYAZ VE GRİ

Bu çalışmanın amacı yazında sosyoloji, psikoloji, biyoloji, yönetim ve organizasyon, ilahiyat, eğitim, sağlık ve spor gibi disiplinlerde yürütülen çalışmalarda ele alınan özgecilik olgusu üzerindeki epistemolojik bulanıklığı ve kavramsal karışıklığı çözümlemeye çalışmaktır. Bu amaçla özgeci davranış olgusu; yazındaki görüşlerin ayrıştırılması, nedensellik ilişkilerinin sorgulanması ve kavramsal genetiğin incelenmesi şeklinde üç yöntem yardımıyla ele alınmıştır. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda, yazında özgeci davranışı ifade etmede birbirinden farklı üç yaklaşım biçiminin kullanıldığı, bu yaklaşım biçimlerinin birbirlerinden önemli noktalarda ayrı düştükleri ve bu ayrılığın, bilimsel araştırmalarda özgecilik olgusunun yanlış aktarılmasına neden olacak kadar sakıncalı boyutlara ulaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, söz konusu yaklaşımlar odaklandıkları anlamlar dikkate alınarak; “siyah”, “beyaz” ve “gri” mecazları ile açıklanmaya ve tartışılmaya çalışılmıştır. Son olarak, özgeci davranış olgusundan gerçekte ne anlaşılması gerektiği ve bu olguyu doğru anlamanın, toplumsal dinamikler açıdan taşıdığı önemle ilgili değerlendirme ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

THE STUDY OF EPISTEMOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ON THE CONCEPT OF ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOR: BLACK, WHITE AND GREY

The aim of this work is to try to solve the epistemological blur and conceptual disorder on the phenomenon of altruism, which is studied in disciplines such as sociology, psychology, biology, management and organization, theology, education, health and sports. For this purpose, the phenomenon of altruistic behavior was handled with the help of the methods as decomposition of opinions in the literature, questioning of causality relations and examination of conceptual genetics. As a result of the studies made, it has been found that three different approaches are used expressing literature altruistic behavior, these approaches are separated from each other in important points, and this separation reached the unfavorable dimensions that caused to be misunderstanding the altruism phenomenon in the scientific investigations. In this study, these approaches were explained and discussed considering the focus of their meanings, through metaphors that "Black", "white" and "gray". Finally, evaluations and suggestions were made about what actually should be understood from the phenomenon of altruistic behavior and the significance of this phenomenon in terms of social dynamics.

PDF

___

Ai, A. L., Richardson, R., Plummer, C., Ellison, C. G., Lemieux, C., Tice, T. N., Huang, B. (2013). Character Strengths and Deep Connections Following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: Spiritual and Secular Pathways to Resistance Among Volunteers, Journal fort he Scientific Study of Religion, 52(3), 537-556.
Allen, T., Sutton, M. (2011). Revenue or Reputation – A Quantitative Analysis of General Practitioner Motivation and Peer Effects using Longitudinal Data, Paper Presented at The Health Economists’ Study Group in York, 1-17.
Alizon, S., Taylor, P. (2008). Empty Sites can Promote Altruistic Behaviour, Society for thr Study of Evolution, 62(6), 1335-1344.
Andreoni, J. (1990). Impure Altruism and Donations to Public Goods: A Theory of Warm-Glow Giving, The Economic Journal, 100, 464-477.
Andronic, R. L. (2016). Altruism, Trust and Volunteering, Scientific Research and Education in the Air Force Afases, 501-504.
Ariane, M. R., Jutta, R. (2015). Consumer empowerment in food retailing and the role of altruistic motives: an application of the theory of planned behaviour, Consumer Behaviour in a Changing World: Food, Culture, Society, EAAE-AAEA Joint Seminar, Italy, 1-25.
Ashton, M. C., Paunonen, S. V., Hekmes, E., Jackson D. N. (1998). Kin Altruism, Reciprocal Altruism, and Big Five Personality Factors, Evolution and Human Behaviour, 19, 243-255.
Baraglia, J., Nagai, Y., Asada, M. (2014). Prediction Eror Minimization for Emergence of Altruistic Behaviour, Joint IEEE International Conferences on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDLEpirob), October 13-16, Genoa, Italy, 281-286.
Barclay, P., Willer, R. (2007). Partner choice creates competitive altruism in humans, Proceedings of The Royal Society, 274, 749-753.
Batson, C. D. (2014). The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-Psychological Answer, New York: Psycghology Press.
Batson, C. D., Fultz, J., Schoenrade, P. A. (1987). Distress and Empathy: Two Gtualitatively Distinct Vicarious Emotions with Different Motivational Consequences, Journal of Personality, 55(1), 19-39.
Becker, G. S. (1981). Altruism in the Family and Selfishness in the Market Place, Economica, 48(189), 1-15.
Benenson, J. F., Pascoe, J., Radmore, N. (2007). Children’s altruistic behaviour in the dictator game, Evolution and Human Behaviour, 28, 168-175.
Bloom, P. (2012). Religion, Morality, Evolution, Annual Review Psychology, 63, 179-199 [Çev. Nuri Çelik, Mütefekkir Aksaray Üniversitesi İslami İlimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(3), 201-228].
Brekke, K. R., Siciliani, L., Straume, O. R. (2009). Hospital competition and quality with regulated prices, CESifo Working Paper Series, 2635, 1-22.
Brosnan, S. F., de Waal, F. B. M. (2002). A Proximate Persperctive on Reciprocal Altruism, Human Nature, 13(1), 129-152.
Brown, T. T. (2009). The Economics of Religious Altruism: The Role of Religious Experience, Working Paper, University of California, Berkeley.
Bulbulia, J. (2004). Religious Costs as Adaptations that Signal Altruistic Intension, Evolution and Cognition, 10(1), 19-42.
Burns, D. J., Reid, J. S., Toncar, M., Fawcett, J., Anderson, C. (2006). Motivations to volunteer: The role of altruism, International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 3(2), 79-91.
Büyük, K., İşlek, M. S., Çakmak, M. N., Tiltay, M. A. (2016). Yöneticilerin ve Çalışanların Bakış Açısıyla Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarında Gönüllülerin Motivasyonları, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 17(1), 303-323.
Campbell, R. L. (2006). Altruism in Auguste Comte and Ayn Rand, The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 7(2), 357- 369.
Carpenter, J., Myers, C. K. (2010). Why volunteer? Evidence on the role of altruism, image, and incentives, Journal of Public Economics, 94(11-12), 911-920.
Christensen, M. M. (2015). God, Adam, and You, U.S.A.: Wipf & Stock.
Churchill, L. R. (2008). The art ofmedicine: Bioethics beyond the lifespan, The Lancet, 371(9618), 1066-1067.
Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J.H., Sharma, P. (2005). Trends and Directions in the Develeopment of a Strategic Management, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 9(5), 555-575.
Comte, A. (1875). System of Positive Polity or Treatise on Sociology, London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Demir, F. O., Khanna, S., Bowling, E. (2015). ‘Student-Centered Volunteering’ in the University System: The Case of CCE at Oregon State University, Journal of Educational adn Social Research, 5(1), 103-112.
DeVan, B. B. (2012). Amarnath Amarasingam, ed. Religion and the New Atheism: A Critical Appraisal, Theology and Science, 1, 452-455.
Devaney, S. (2017). Rewards and incentives fort he provision of human tissue for research, Journal of Medical Ethics, 40, 48-50.
Eddleston, K. A., Kellermanns, F. W., Sarathy, R. (2008). Resource Configuration in Family Firms: Linking Resources, Strategic Planning and Technological Opportunities to Performance, Journal of Management Studies, 45(1), 26-50.
Eisenberg, N., Miller, P. A. (1987). The Relation of Empathy to Prosocial and Related Behaviours, Psychological Bulletin, 101(1), 91-119.
Ellingsen, T., Johannesson, M. (2008). Anticipated verbal feedback induces altruistic behaviour, Evolution and Human Behaviour, 29, 100-105.
Elster, J. (2006). Altruistic Behaviour and Altruistic Motivations, Handbook of the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity, Volume 1, 183-206
Emrich, E., Pierzioch, C. (2016). A quantile-regression test of eonomic models of volunteer labor supply, Economics Bulletin, 36(1), 198-204.
Fehr, E., Henrich, J. (2003). Is Strong Reciprocity a Malapdation? On the Evolutionary Foundations of Human Altruism, Working Paper, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute for Economic Research CESifo.
Fetchenhauer, D., Groothuis, T., Pradel, J. (2010). Not only states but traits-Humans can identify permanent altruistic dispositions in 20s, Evolution and Human Behaviour, 80-86.
Gintis, H. (2000). Strong Reciprocity and Human Sociality, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 206(2), 169-179.
Gren, K. E. M., Jacobi, D., Hall, C. L. (1993). The effects of two types of appeal on survey response rates, Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, 1-16.
Gura, M. W. (2015). Atheist Meditation Atheist Spiritual, Georgia: Inneraction Press.
Halba, B. (2014). Volunteering from Altruism to Otherness, Traditions, 43(3), 67-83.
Harbaugh, W. T. (1998). What do donations buy? A model of philanthropy based on prestige and warm glow, Journal of Public Economics, 67, 269-284.
Harrison, J. L. (1986). Egoism, Altruism, and Market Illusions: The Limits of Law and Economics, UCLA LAW REVIEW, 1309-1363.
Hauert, C., De Monte, S., Hofbauer, J., Sigmunt, K. (2002). Volunteering as Red Queen mechanism for cooperation in public goods games, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 296, 1129-1132.
Hill, J. (1984). Human altruism and socicultural fitness, Journal of Social and Biological Strucutures, 7(1), 17-35.
İncil, Filipililer 2 (2018). https://incil.info/kitap/Filipililer/2
Kaleli, A. İ. (2016). https://indigodergisi.com/2016/05/sihizm-ve-altin-tapinaka-yolculuk-dogu-mistisizmi/
Kang, B. P., Price, A.D.F., Thorpe, A., Edum-Fotwe, F.T. (2004). Developing a systems approach for managing ethics in construction project environments, İçinde Khosrowshahi, F. (Ed.), 20th Annual ARCOM Conference, 1-3 September 2004, Heriot Watt University, Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 1367-1375.
Karadağ, E., Mutafçılar, I. (2009). Prososyal Davranış Ekseninde Özgecilik Üzerine Teorik Bir Çözümleme, Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8, 41-69.
Kolm, S. C. (2006). Introduction to the Economics of Giving, Altruism ve Reciprocity, İçinde Kolm, S. C., Ythier, J. M. (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity Foundations, Volume 1, United Kingdom: Elsevier B.V., 1-53.
Kur’an-ı Kerim (2017). Diyanet İşleri Meali, http://www.kuranmeali.org/kuran/rum-suresi/ayet-30/2-diyanetisleri- meali.aspx
Lee, C. K., Reisinger, Y., Kim, M. J., Yoon, S. M. (2014). The influence of volunteer motivation on satisfaction, attitudes, and support for a mega-event, Internaitonal Journal of Hospitality Management, 40, 37-48.
Lee, M. T. (2014). The essential Interconnections among Altruism, Morality, and Social Solidarity: The Case of Religious Altruism, İçinde Jeffries, V. (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Altruism, Morality, and Social Solidaritt: Formulating a Field of Study, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 314-332.
Li, G., Wood, R. I. (2017). Male rats play a repeated donation game, Physiology & Behaviour, 174, 95-103.
Loh, W. (2013). İki Okyanusun Kavuşması: Sufilik ve Budizm Üzerine Diyalog, On Dördüncü Kutsal Dalai Lama ve Sufizm Alimleri Roshan Farsça Araştırmaları Merkezi (Çev. Yeşim Özben).
https://studybuddhism.com/web/tr/archives/study/islam/general/meeting_of_two_oceans.html
Lozada, M., D’Adamo, P., Fuentes, M. A. (2011). Beneficial effects of human altruism, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 289, 12-16.
Machery, E., Dessalles, J. L., Cowie, F., Alexander, J. (2010). Why we Talk?, Biology & Philospohy , 25(5), 851-901.
Mastor, K. A., Kasan, H. (2014). Role of Religiosity in the Development of Persoality and as Protective Mechanism Against Disorbedience, The Proceedings of The 5th International Symposium on Islam, Civilization, and Science, 31st May-1st June, 303-320.
Milinski, M., Semmann, D., Krambeck, H. J., Marotzke, J. (2006). Stabilizing the Earth’s climate is not a losing game: Supporting evidence from public goods experiments, 103(11), 3994-3998.
Miller, G. (2001). Mating Mind, Florence: Anchor Books.
Neusner, J., Chilton, B. D. (2005). Altruism in World Religions, U.S.A.: Georgetown University Press.
Newman, G. E., Cain, D. M. (2014). Tainted Altruism: When Doing Some Good Is Evaluated as Worse Than Doing No Good at All, Psychological Science, 25(3), 648-655.
Oakley, B., Knafo, A., McGrath, M. (2011). Pathological Altruism-An Intrıduction, Pathological Altruism, İçinde Oakley, B., Knafo, A., Madhavan, G., Wilson, D. S. (Eds.), United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 3-9.
Oliveira, T. M. V., Pallister, J. G., Foxall, G. R. (2015). Unselfish? Understending the Role of Altruism, Emphaty, and Beliefs in Volunteering Commitment, Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 27(4), 373-396.
Packer, C. (1977). Reciprocal altruism in Papio Anubis, Nature, 265, 441-443.
Pickering, M. (2009). Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography, Volume II, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Povey, R. (2012). The Microeconomic Basis of Imperfect Altruism, Working Paper, 1-11.
Rand, A. (1963). For the New Intellectual: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand, New York: A Signet Book.
Rand, D. G., Fudenberg, D., Dreber, A. (2015). It's the thought that counts: The role of intentions in reciprocal altruism, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2259407
Rumgay, J. (2011). Ladies of Los Causes: Rehabilitation, women ofenders and the voluntary sector, New York: Routledge.
Saito, K. (2015). Impure Altruism and Impure Selfishness, Journal of Economic Theory, 158, 336-370.
Saracli, S., Keskintürk, T., Çiçek, M., Gazeloglu, C. (2014). Examining The Effects of Organizational Commitment on Motivation Vvia Structural Equation Modellıng: Turkish Academicians Case, International Anatolia Academic Online Journal, 2(2), 1-9.
Saroglou, V. (2013). Religion, Spirituality, and Altruism, İçinde Pargament, I. (Ed.), Context, Theory, and Research, Vol. 1., Chapter 24, K, U.S.A.: APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality, 12-19.
Schulzke, M. (2013). New atheism and moral theory, Journal of Global Ethics, 9(1), 65-75.
Sherratt, F., Craper, M., Fster-Smith, L., Walsh, S. (2015). Safety and volunteer construction workers, Journal Construction Management and Economics, 33(5-6), 361-374.
Simon, H. A. (2005). Darwinism, altruism and economics, in K. Dopfer (in), The Evolutionary Foundations of Economics, United Kingom: Cambridge University Press, 89-104.
Smith, D. H. (1981). Altruism , Volunteers, and Volunteerism, Sage Journals, 10(1),
Stebbins, R. A. (2015). Leisure and Motive Volunteer: Theories of Serious, Casual, and Project-Based Leisure, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
Steele, W. R., Schreiber, G. B., Guiltinan, A., Nass, C., Glynn, S. A., Wright, D. J., Kessler, D., Schlumpf, K. S., Tu, Y., Smith, J. W., Garatty, G. (2008). The role of altruistic behaviour, empathetic concern, and social responsibility motivation in blood donation behaviour, Blood Donors and Blood Coolection, Transfusion 48, 43-54.
Tarhan, N. (2013). Kendinizle Barışık Olmak: Duyguların Eğitimi, İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
Tarhan, N. (2014). Kaliforniya Sendromu Türkiye’de https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C775dfz1Mkw
Tevrat, Hezekiel 28 (2018), http://mujde.org/kutsalkitap/Hez28.html
TDK (2018). Özgecilik http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_bts&view=bts&kategori1=veritbn&kelimesec=252785.
Tomini, F. (2010). Transferring to family and friends: A review of the Motives, Evidence, and the role of Economics, Working Papers, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, Netherlands.
Twemlow, S. W. (2016). The innate Necessity for Survival Through Altruism Might Rescue Us from Nedless Glorification of Violence in Our Culture, Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 36(6), 497-509.
Unger, L. S. (1991). Altruism as a motivation to volunteer, Journal of Economic Psychology, 12(1), 71-100.
Ümmet, D., Ekşi, H., Otrar, M. (2013). Özgecilik (Altruism) Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması, Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 11(26), 301-321.
Voo, T. C. (2014). Altruism and Reward: Mtivational Compatibility in Deceased Organ Donation, Bioethics, 29(3), 190-202.
Vugt, M. V., Roberts, G., Hardy, C. (2007). Competitive altruism: a theory of reputation-based cooperation in groups, İçinde Dunbar, R.I.M., Barrett, L. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, New York: Oxford University Press, 531-543.
Wang, C.C., Wang, C. H. (2008). Helping Others in Online Games: Prosocial Behaviour in Cyberpace, CyberPsychology & Behaviour, 11(3), 344-346.
Waytz, A., Zaki, J., Mitchell, J. P. (2012). Response of Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Altruistic Behaviour, The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(22), 7646-7650.
West, S. A., Griffin, A. S., Gardner, A. (2006). Social semantics: altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and group selection, Journal Compilation, 20(2), 415-432.
Wilkinson, G. S. (1988). Reciprocal altruism in bats and other mammals, Ethology and Sociobiology, 9(2-4), 85-100.
Wilson, D. S. (2008). Beyond Demonic Memes: Richard Dawkins is Wrong About Religion, Skeptic, 13(4), 42-50.
Wright, J. (2007). Cooperation theory meets cooperative breeding: exposing some ugly truths about social prestige, reciprocity and group augmentation, Behavioural Processes, 76, 142-148.
Wright, L., Ross, K., Abbey, S., Levy, G., Grant, D. (2007). Living Anonymous Liver Donation: Case Report and Ethical Justification, American Journal os Transplantation, 7, 1032-1035.
Yıldırım, Z. (2012). Kur’an ve çevre sorunları, Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 38, 67-100.
York, M. (2016). Pagan Ethics: Paganism as a World Religion, Netherlands: Springer.
Zafirovski, M. (2003). Human Rational Behaviour and Economic Rationality, lectronic Journal of Sociology, http://www.sociology.org/content/vol7.2/02_zafirovski.html?ref=vidupdatez.com/image
Zentall, T. R. (2016). Reciprocal altruism in rats: Why does it occur?, Learning & Behaviour, 44(1), 7-8.
Zettler, I., Hilbig, B E. (2010). Attitudes of selfless: Explaining political orientation with altruism, Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 338-342.