AKVEREN FORMASYONUNUN MAASTRİHTİYENDEN SELANDİYENE PLANKTONİK FORAMİNİFER BİYOSTRATİGRAFİSİ VE PALEOEKOLOJİK ÖZELLİKLERİ, BATI KARADENİZ, TÜRKİYE
Planktonik foraminifer topluluklarındaki değişiklikler Bartın ilinde yer alan Akveren Formasyonundaki killi kireçtaşı,kireçtaşı, kiltaşı ve marndan oluşan iki kesit üzerinde çalışılmıştır. İki kesitte tanımlanan planktonik foraminifer cinsve türleri ile Maastrihtiyen’de Pseudoguembelina palpebra, Racemiguembelina fructicosa, Abathomphalus mayaroensis ve Pseudoguembelina hariaensis biyozonları ile Paleosen’de Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina, Glomobanomalinacompressa/Praemurica uncinata, Praemurica uncinata ve Morozovella angulata biyozonları saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmadapaleoekolojik yorumlar için bu biyozonlarda tanımlanan paleoekolojik türlerin göreceli bollukları kullanılmıştır. Denizsuyu sıcaklığındaki ve besin düzeyindeki değişikliklere dayanıklı olan Rugoglobigerina spp., Heterohelix globulosa,Pseudoguembelina spp. türleri Maastrihtiyen’de artış göstermiştir. En üst Maastrihtiyen’de, Racemiguembelina fructicosa, Heterohelix globulosa ve Rugoglobigerina spp., türlerinin fert bolluklarının fazla olması oligotrofik ve daha ılımançevresel koşulları gösterir. Globotrunkanidlerin bolluğu çevresel değişikliklere karşı duraylı değildir. Paleosen’de dahaküçük boyutlu ve küresel localı yeni türler ortaya çıkmıştır. Subbotina triloculinoides ve Parasubbotina pseudobulloidestürlerinin fert bolluklarının fazla olması Daniyen’deki mezotrofik ve daha serin çevresel koşulları gösterir. Selandiyen’de Morozovellid taksonları baskın olarak gözlenmeye başlanmıştır ve çevresel koşullar mezotrofik’ten oligotrofik’edeğişiklik göstermiştir.
MAASTRICHTIAN - SELANDIAN PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF AKVEREN FORMATION IN BARTIN AREA (WESTERN BLACK SEA, TURKEY)
The changes in planktonic foraminifera assemblages were studied in two sections composed of clayey limestone, limestone, claystone and marl in the Akveren Formation in the Bartın Province. Pseudoguembelina palpebra, Racemiguembelina fructicosa, Abathomphalus mayaroensis and Pseudoguembelina hariaensis biozones in the Maastrichtian and Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina, Glomobanomalina compressa/Praemurica uncinata, Praemurica uncinata and Morozovella angulata biozones in the Paloecene were determined using planktonic genus and species identified in these sections. Paleoecological interpretations in this study were completed by using the relative abundances of paleoecological species identified in these biozones. The abundance of Rugoglobigerina spp., Heterohelix globulosa, Pseudoguembelina spp., species that tolerated changes in sea water temperature and nutrition, increased in the Maastrichtian. In the uppermost Maastrichtian, high abundance of Racemiguembelina fructicosa, Heterohelix globulosa and Rugoglobigerina spp. show oligotrophic and warmer environmental conditions in this study. The abundance of globotruncanids are unstable due to environmental changes. The new species have smaller sizes and globular chambers emerged in the Paleocene. High abundance of Subbotina triloculinoides and Parasubbotina pseudobulloides show mesotrophic and cooler environmental conditions in the Danian. Morozovellid taxa started to dominate in the Selandian and environmental conditions changed from mesotrophic to oligotrophic.
___
- Abramovich, S., Almogi-Labin, A., Benjamini, C. 1998.
Decline of the Maastrichtian pelagic ecosystem
based on planktic foraminifera assemblage
changes: Implication for the terminal Cretaceous
faunal Crisis. Geology 26, 63-66.
- Abramovich, S., Keller, G. 2002. High stress late Maastrichtian
paleoenvironment: Inference from planktonic
foraminifera in Tunisia, Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 178, 145-164.
- Abramovich, S., Keller, G. 2003. Planktonic foraminiferal
response to the latest Maastrichtian abrupt warm
event: a case study from South Atlantic DSDP Site
525A. Marine Micropaleontology 48, 225-249.
- Abramovich, S., Keller, G., Stüeben, D., Berner, Z.
2003. Characterization of late Campanian and
Maastrichtian planktic foraminiferal depth
habitats and vital activities based on stable
isotopes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology 202, 1-29.
- Abramovich, S., Yovel-Corem, S., Almogi-Labin, A.,
Benjamini C. 2010. Global climate change and
planktic foraminiferal response in the Maastrichtian.
Paleoceanography 25, 1-15.
- Akman, Ü. 1992. Amasra-Arıt arasının jeolojisi.
Doktora Tezi, Ankara Universitesi, 209, Ankara,
(yayınlanmamış).
- Akyol, Z., Arpat, E., Erdoğan, B., Göğer, E., Güner, Y.,
Şaroğlu, F., Şentürk, İ., Tütüncü, K., Uysal, Ş.
1974. 1/50.000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji haritası
serisi, Zonguldak E29a, E29b, E29c, E29d,
Kastamonu E30a, E30d. Maden Tetkik ve Arama
Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara.
- Ashckenazi-Polivoda, S., Abramovich, S., Almogi-Labin,
A., Schneider-Mor, A., Feinstein, S., Puttmann, W.,
Berner A. 2011. Paleoenvironments of the latest
Cretaceous oil shale sequence, Southern Tethys,
Israel, as an integral part of the prevailing upwelling
system. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology 305, 93-108.
- Aydın, A. 2005. İzmit kuzeybatısı Geç Kretase-Paleojen
nannoplankton biyostratigrafisi. Yüksek lisans tezi,
Ankara Üniversitesi, 237, Ankara, (yayımlanmamış).
- Aydın, M., Şahintürk, Ö., Serdar, H.S., Özçelik, Y., Akarsu,
İ., Üngör, A., Çokuğraş, R., Kasar, S. 1986.
Ballıdağ-Çangaldağ (Kastamonu) arasındaki
bölgenin jeolojisi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni
29, 1-16.
- Badgley, P.C. 1959. Sinop Havzasının petrol olanakları.
Petrol işleri Genel Müdürlüğü arşivi, Ankara.
- Barka, A, Sütçü, Y. F., Tekin, F., Gedik, İ, Karabıyıkoğlu,
M., Saraç, G, Önal, Ö., Arel, E., Özdemir, M. 1983.
Sinop Yarımadasının jeolojisi ve tektonik evrimi.
Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 4, 24.
- Barrera, E., Savin, S.M., Thomas, E., Jones, C.E. 1997.
Evidence for thermohaline circulation reversals
controlled by sea-level change in the latest
Cretaceous. Geology 25, 715-718.
- Barrera, E., Savin, S.M. 1999. Evolution of late CampanianMaastrichtian marine climates and oceans. In:
Barrera, E., Johnson, C.C., eds., Evolution of the
Cretaceous Ocean-Climate System. Geol. Soc. Am.
Spec. Pap. 332, 245-282.
- Berggren, W.A., Miller, K.G. 1988. Paleocene tropical
planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and
magneto biochronology. Micropaleontology 34, 4,
362-380.
- Berggren, W.A., Norris, R.D. 1997. Biostratigraphy,
phylogeny and systematics of Paleocene trochospiral
planktic foraminifera. Micropaleontology 43,
1-116.
- Bice, K.L., Birgel, D., Meyers, P.A., Dahl, K., Hinrichs
K, U., Norris, R.D. 2006. A multiple proxy
and model study of Cretaceous upper ocean
temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
Paleoceanography 21, 1-17.
- Boersma, A., Premoli Silva, I. 1991. Distribution of
Paleogene planktonic foraminifera analogies with
Recent? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology 83, 29-48.
- Bornemann, A., Norris, R.D., Friedrich, O., Beckmann, B.,
Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damste, J.S., Vogel, J.,
Hofmann, P., Wagner, T. 2008. Isotopic evidence
for glaciation during the Cretaceous supergreen
house. Science 319, 189–192.
- Caron, M. 1985. Cretaceous planktic foraminifera. Bolli
H.M., Saunders J.B., Perch-Nielsen, K. (Ed.).
Plankton Stratigraphy. Cambridge University
Press, London, 1032 p.
- Clarke, L.J., Jenkyns, H.C. 1999. New oxygen isotope
evidence for long-term Cretaceous climatic change
in the Southern Hemisphere. Geology 27, 8, 699-
702.
- Corfield, R.M., Norris, R.D. 1996. Deep water circulation
in the Paleocene ocean. Knox R., Corfield,
R.M., Dunay, R.E. (Ed.). Correlation of the early
Paleogene in Northwest Europe. Geological Society
of London Special Publication 101, 443-456.
- Deconto, R.M., Hay, W.W., Thompson, S.L., Bergengren,
J. 1999. Late Cretaceous climate and vegetation
interactions: Cold continental interior paradox.
Barrera, E., Johnson, C.C. (Ed). Evolution of the
Cretaceous Ocean-Climate System. Boulder, CO:
Geological Society of America Special Paper 332,
391-406.
- Derman, A. S. 2002. Karadeniz’in açılma istifleri (Black Sea
rift sequences). Turkish Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin 14, 37-66.
- Derman, A.S., Alişan, C., Özçelik, Y. 1995. Himmetpaşa
Formation: new palynological age data and its
significance. Erler, A., Ercan, T., Bingöl, E., Örçen,
S. (Eds). Geology of the Black Sea region. General
Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration
and Chamber of Geological Engineers 99-103.
- D’Hondt, S., Lindinger, M. 1994. A stable isotopic record
of the Maastrichtian oceanclimate system: South
Atlantic DSDP Site 528. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 112: 363-378.
- D´Hondt, S., Zachos, J.C., Schultz, G. 1994. Stable Isotopic
signal and Photosymbiosis in late Paleocene
Planktic foraminifera. Paleobiology 30, 3, 391-406.
- D’Hondt, S., Zachos, J. 1998. Cretaceous foraminifera and
the evolutionary history of planktic photosymbiosis.
Paleobiology 24, 512-523.
- Dizer, A., Meriç, E. 1981. Kuzeybatı Anadolu’da Üst
Kretase-Paleosen biyostratigrafisi. Maden Tetkik
ve Arama Dergisi 95-96, 149-163.
- Dobrucalı, S. 1985. Akveren Formasyonu (Sinop-Gerze)
planktonik foraminifer faunası ve stratigrafik
konumu. Yüksek lisans tezi, Karadeniz Teknik
Üniversitesi, 56, Trabzon, (yayımlanmamış).
- Forster, A., Schouten, S., Moriya, K., Wilson, P.A.,
Sinninghe Damste, J.S. 2007. Tropical warming
and intermittent cooling during the Cenomanian/
Turonian oceanic anoxic event 2: Sea surface
temperature records from the equatorial Atlantic.
Paleoceanography 22, 1-14.
- Friedrich, O., Erbacher, J., Moriya, K., Wilson, P.A.,
Kuhnert, H. 2008. Warm saline intermediate waters
in the Cretaceous tropical Atlantic Ocean. Nature
Geoscience 1, 453-457.
- Friedrich, O., Norris, R.D., Erbacher, J. 2012. Evolution of
middle to Late Cretaceous oceans-A 55 m.y. record
of Earth’s temperature and carbon cycle. Geology
40, 107–110.
- Gayle, R.B. 1959. Sinop Yöresi ile ilgili çalışma. Petrol
işleri, Rapor no.17, Ankara.
- Gedik, A., Ercan, T., Korkmaz, S. 1983. Orta Karadeniz
(Samsun-Sinop) havzası jeolojisi ve volkanik
kayaçlarının petrolojisi . Maden Tetkik ve Arama
Dergisi 99-100, 34-51.
- Gedik, A., Korkmaz, S. 1984. Sinop Havzasının jeolojisi
ve petrol olanakları. Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası
Dergisi 19, 53-79.
- Gedik, I., Timur, E., Duru, M., Pehlivan, S. 2005. 1:50.000
Ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları (İstanbul F22
c, d; F23 c, d; Bursa G22 a, b; G23 a, b), Maden
Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Jeoloji Etütleri
Dairesi, No: 10-17, Ankara.
- Görür, N. 1998. Timing of opening of the Black Sea basin.
Tectonophysics 147, 247-262.
- Görür, N., Tüysüz, O. 1997. Petroleum geology of the
southern continental margin of the Black Sea.
Robinson, A. G. (Ed). Regional and petroleum
geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region.
American Association of Petroleum Geologists
(AAPG) Memoirs 68, 227-240.
- Guasti, E., Speijer, R .P., Fornaciari, E., Schmitz, B., Kroon,
D., Gharaibeh, A. 2005. Transient biotic change
within the Danian-Selandian transition in Egypt
and Jordan. In: Early Paleogene environmental
turnover in the Southern Tethys as recorded by
foraminiferal and organic-walled dinoflagellate
cysts assemblages. Berichte aus dem Fachbereich
Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen, 241,
75-110.
- Güray, A. 2006. Campanian-Maastrichtian planktonic
foraminiferal investigation and biostratigraphy
(Kokaksu section, Bartın, NW Anatolia): remarks
on the Cretaceous paleoceanography based on
quantitative data. Yüksek lisans tezi, Orta Doğu
Teknik Üniversitesi, 244, Ankara, (yayınlanmamış).
- Houston, R.M., Huber, B.T. 1998. Evidence of
photosymbiosis in fossil taxa? Ontogenetic stable
isotope trends in some late Cretaceous planktonic
foraminifera. Marine Micropaleontology 34, 29-46.
- Houston, R.M., Huber, B.T., Spero, H.J. 1999. Size-related
isotopic trends in some Maastrichtian planktic
foraminifera: methodological comparisons,
intraspecic variability and evidence for
photosymbiosis. Marine Micropaleontology 36,
169-188.
- Huber, B.T., Hodell, D.A., Hamilton, C.P. 1995. MiddleLate Cretaceous climate of the southern high
latitudes: Stable isotopic evidence for minimal
equator-to-pole thermal gradients. GSA Bulletin
107, 1164-1191.
- Huber, B.T., Macleod, K.G., Norris, R.D. 2002. Abrupt
Extinction and Subsequent Reworking of
Cretaceous Planktonic Foraminifera across the
Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary: Evidence from the
Subtropical North Atlantic. Geological Society of
America 356, 277-289.
- Huber, B.T., Macleod, K.G., Tur, N.A. 2008.
Chronostratigraphic framework for Upper
Campanian-Maastrichtian sediments on the Blake
Nose (Subtropical North Atlantic). Journal of
Foraminiferal Research 38, 162-182.
- Kaya, O., Dizer, A., Tansel, İ., Meriç, E. 1982/1983. Ereğli
(Zonguldak) alanının Kretase stratigrafisi. Maden
Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi 99/100, 19-33.
- Kaya-Özer, C. 2009. Bartın-Kurucaşile yöresi Geç Kretase
birimleri planktonik foraminifer ve nannoplankton
biyostratigrafisi. Doktora Tezi, Ankara
Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 371, Ankara
(yayımlanmamış).
- Kaya-Özer, C. 2014. Calcareous Nannofossil Assemblages
Changes and Stable Isotope Data from Maastrichtian
to Selandian in the Akveren Formation, Western
Black Sea, Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences
7,1233–1247.
- Kaya-Özer, C., Toker, V. 2012. Calcareous Nannoplankton
Biostratigraphy of the Bartin Province, Western
Black Sea, Turkey. Acta Geologica Sinica - English
Edition 86, 6, 1434-1446.
- Kaya-Özer, C., Çakır, K. 2015. Planktonic foraminiferal
biostratigraphy of the Campanian–Ypresian in the
İzmit Province, Kocaeli Peninsula, Turkey. Arabian
Journal of Geosciences, 8, 11203–11237.
- Keller, G. 1996. The K/T mass extinction in planktic
foraminifera biotic constraints for catastrophe
theories. Mac-Leod, N., Keller, G., (Ed). The
Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction: Biotic and
environmental events, Norton Press New York 63-
100.
- Keller, G. 2004. Low-diversity, Late Maastrichtian and
Early Danian planktic foraminiferal assemblages
of the Eastern Tethys. Journal of Foraminiferal
Research 34, 1, 49-73.
- Keller, G., Adatte, T., Stinnesbeck, W., Luciani, V., KarouiYaakoub, N., Zaghbib-Turki, D. 2002. Paleoecology
of the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction in
planktonic foraminifera. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 178, 257-297.
- Kelly, C.D., Arnold, A.J. Parker, W.C. 1996. Paedomorphosis
and the origin of the Paleogene planktonic
foraminiferal genus Morozovella. Paleobiology 22,
2, 266-281.
- Ketin, İ., Gümüş, A. 1963. Sinop-Ayancık arasında III.
Bölgeye dahil sahaların jeolojisi. TPAO, Rapor
no.288. Ankara.
- Kırcı, E. 1998. Cide (Kastamonu) yöresinde KretaseTersiyer geçişinin biyostratigrafisi. Yüksek
lisans tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 77, İstanbul,
(yayımlanmamış).
- Leckie, R.M. 1987. Paleoecology of mid-Cretaceous
planktonic foraminifera: A comparison of open
ocean and epicontinental sea assemblages.
Micropaleontology 33, 264-276.
- Li, L., Keller, G. 1998a. Maastrichtian climate productivity
and faunal turnovers in planktic foraminifera in
South Atlantic DSDP Sites 525A and 21. Marine
Micropaleontology 33, 55-86.
- Li, L., Keller, G. 1998b. Diversification and extinction in
Campanian-Maastrichtian planktic foraminifera of
Northwestern Tunisia. Ecl. Helv 91, 75-102.
- Lu, G., Adatte, T., Keller, G. Ortiz, N. 1998. Abrupt
climatic, oceanographic and ecologic changes near
the Paleocene- Eocene transition in the deep Tethys
basin: The Alamedilla section, southern Spain.
Eclogae geol. Helv. 91, 293-306.
- Luterbacher, H.P., Premoli Silva, I. 1964. Biostratigrafi a del
limite cretaceo-terziario nell’ appennino centrale.
Riv Ital Paleontol Stratigr 70,67–128.
- Macleod, K.G., Whitney, D.L., Huber, B.T., Koeberl,
C. 2007. Impact and extinction in remarkably
complete Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary sections
from Demerara Rise, tropical western north
Atlantic. Geological Society of America, Bulletin
119, 101-115.
- Malmgren, B.A. 1991. Biogeographic patterns in terminal
Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera from
Tethyan and warm transitional waters. Marine
Micropaleontology 18, 73-99.
- Miller, K.G., Wright, J.D., Browning, J.V. 2005. Visions of
ice sheets in a greenhouse world. Marine Geology
217, 215-231.
- Nederbragt, A.J. 1991. Late Cretaceous biostratigraphy
and development of Heterohelicidae (planktic
foraminifera). Micropaleontology 37, 329-372.
- Nederbragt, A.J. 1998. Quantitative biogeography
of late Maastrichtian planktic foraminifera.
Micropaleontology 44, 385-412.
- Norris, R.D. 1996. Symbiosis as an Evolutionary Innovation
in the radiation of Paleocene planktic foraminifera.
Paleobiology 22, 4, 461-480.
- Norris, R.D., Bice, K.L., Magno, E.A., Wilson, P.A. 2002.
Jiggling the tropical thermostat in the Cretaceous
hothouse. Geology 30, 299-302.
- Olsson, R.C., Hemleben, C., Berggren, W.A., Huber, B.T.
1999. Atlas of Paleocene planktonic foraminifera.
Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 85,
1-252
- Özçelik, Y., Çaptuğ, A. 1990. Amasra doğusu-Cide arasında
kalan alanda yapılan saha gözlemleri ve revizyon
çalışmaları. Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı,
Rapor No:2789, Ankara.
- Özkan-Altıner, S., Özcan, E. 1999. Upper Cretaceous
planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy from NW
Turkey: calibration of the stratigraphic ranges of
larger benthonic foraminifera. Geological Journal
34, 287-301.
- Pearson, P.N., Shackleton, N.J., Hall, M.A. 1993. Stable
isotope paleoecology of middle Eocene planktonic
foraminifera and multi-species isotope stratigraphy,
DSDP Site 523, South Atlantic. Journal of
Foraminiferal Research 23, 2, 123-140.
- Petrizzo, M.R., Falzoni, F., Premoli Silva, I. 2011.
Identification of the base of the lower-to-middle
Campanian Globotruncana ventricosa zone:
comments on reliability and global correlations.
Cretaceous Research 32, 387-405.
- Quillevere, F., Norris, R.D., Berggren, W.A., Aubry, M.P.
2000. 59.2 Ma and 56.5 Ma: two significant
moments in the evolution of acarininids (planktonic
foraminifera). GFF Early Paleogene warm climates
and biosphere Dynamics 122, 131-132.
- Quillevere, F., Norris, R.D. 2003. Ecological development
of acarininids (planktonic foraminifera) and
hydrographic evolution of Paleocene surface waters.
S.L. Wing et al. (Ed). Causes and consequences of
globally warm climates in the early Paleogene. The
Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado
369, 223-238.
- Robaszynski, F., Caron, M., Gonzales-Donoso, J.M.,
Wonders, A.A.H., the European Working
Group on Planktonic Foraminifera 1984. Atlas
of Late Cretaceous globotruncanids. Revue
Micropaleontology 26, 145–305.
- Robaszynski, F., Caron, M. 1995. Foraminiferes
planctoniques du Cretace; commentaire de la
zonation Europe-Mediterranee Bulletin de la
Societe Geologique de France 166, 681-692.
- Robinson, A.G., Rudat, J. H., Banks, C. J., Wiles, R. L.F.
1996. Petrolerum geology of the Black Sea. Marine
and Petroleum Geology 13, 195-223.
- Saner, S. 1980. Batı Pontidlerin ve komşu havzaların
oluşumlarının levha tektoniği kuramıyla
açıklanması, Kuzeybatı Türkiye. Maden Tetkik ve
Arama Dergisi 93-94, 1-19.
- Sarıca, N. 1993. Gökçeağaç (Kastamonu) yöresinde
Kretase/Tersiyer sınırının planktik foraminiferlerle
biyostratigrafik incelemesi. Türkiye Jeoloji
Kurumu Bülteni 8, 329-345.
- Schiebel, R., Hemleben, C. 2000. Interannual variability
of planktic foraminiferal populations and test flux
in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean (JGOFS).
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in
Oceanography 47, 9-11, 1809-1852.
- Shackleton, N.J., Corfield, R.M., Hall, M.A. 1985. Stable
isotope data and the ontogeny of Paleocene
planktonic foraminifera. Journal of Foraminiferal
Research 15, 4, 321-336.
- Shirazi, M.P.N., Shams, P., Bahrami, M. 2013.
Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of Maastrichtian
sediments in the Zagros Basin, Iran. Acta Geologica
Sinica (English Edition) 87, 5, 1387-1395.
- Sirel, E. 1991. Cide Bölgesi (Kuzey Türkiye) Maastrihtiyende
bulunan yeni bir foraminifer cinsi: Cideina n.gen.
Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi 112, 149-154.
- Smit, J. 1982. Extinction and evolution of planktonic
foraminifera after a major impact at the Cretaceous/
Tertiary boundary. Silver, L.T., Schultz, P.H. (Ed).
In Geological implications of impacts of large
asteroids and comets on the Earth. Special Papers.
Geological Society of America 190, 329–352.
- Sunal, G., Tüysüz, O. 2001. Batı Pontidler’de Tersiyer yaşlı
çarpışma sonrası sıkışmalı yapıların özellikleri.
Türkiye Petrol Jeologları Derneği Bülteni 13, 1-26.
- Şahintürk, O., Özçelik, Y. 1983. Zonguldak-Bartın-AmasraKurucaşile-Cide dolaylarının jeolojisi ve petrol
olanakları. Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı,
Rapor No:1816, Ankara.
- Şener, S. 2007. Amasra yöresi (Batı Karadeniz) Üst JuraAlt Kretase İnaltı kireçtaşlarının bentik foraminifer
paleontolojisi, Yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara
Üniversitesi, 76, Ankara, (yayımlanmamış).
- Şengör, A.M.C. 1982. Egenin neotektonik evrimini yöneten
etkenler, Batı Anadolu’nun genç tektoniği ve
volkanizması paneli. Turkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı 59-
71.
- Thibault, N., Gardin, S. 2007. The late Maastrichtian
nannofossil record of climate change in the
South Atlantic DSDP Hole 525A. Marine
Micropaleontology 65, 163-184.
- Tokay, M. 1954/1955. Filyos çayı ağzı-Amasra-BartınKozcağız-Çaycuma bölgesinin jeolojisi. Maden
Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi 46/47, 58-74.
- Toumarkine, M., Luterbacher, H. 1985. Paleocene and Eocene
planktic foraminifera. Bolli, H.M.,Saunders, J.B.,
and Perch-Nielsen, K. (Ed.) Plankton Stratigraphy.
Cambridge University Press 87–154.
- Tüysüz, O. 1993. Karadeniz’den Qrta Anadolu’ya bir
Jeotravers: Kuzey Neo-Tetisin tektonik evrimi.
Türkiye Petrol Jeologları Derneği Bülteni 5, 1-33.
- Tüysüz, O. 2002. Upper Cretaceous red pelagic limestones in
the Pontides, northern Turkey and their significance
on the geological evolution of Black Sea. Inaugural
Workshop of IGCP 463, 30.
- Tüysüz, O., Kırıcı, S., Sunal, G. 1997. Cide-Kurucaşile
dolayının jeolojisi. Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim
Ortaklığı, Rapor No.3736, Ankara.
- Tüysüz, O., Aksay, A., Yiğitbaş, E. 2004. Batı Karadeniz
bölgesi litostratigrafi birimleri. Stratigrafi komitesi
litostratigrafi birimleri serisi-1. Maden Tetkik ve
Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara.
- Tüysüz, O., Yılmaz, İ.Ö., Svabenicka, L., Kırıcı, S. 2012.
The Unaz Formation: a key unit in the western
Black Sea region, N Turkey. Turkish Journal of
Earth Sciences 21, 1009–1028.
- Van Eijden, A.J.M. 1995. Morphology and relative
frequency of planktic foraminiferal species in
relation to oxygen isotopically inferred depth
habitats. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology 113, 267-301.
- Varol, O. 1983. The Cretaceous-Paleocene calcerous
nannofossils from the Kokaksu section (Zonguldak,
Northern Turkey). Geol. Palaont. Abh.166, 431-
460.
- Wade, B.S., Pearson, P.N., Berggren, W.A., Palike, H. 2011.
Review and revision of Cenozoic tropical planktonic
foraminiferal biostratigraphy and calibration to the
geomagnetic polarity and astronomical time scale.
Earth-Science Reviews 104, 111–142.
- Wilson, P.A., Norris, R.D. 2001. Warm tropical ocean surface
and global anoxia during the mid-Cretaceous
period. Nature 412, 425-429.
- Wilson, P. A., Norris, R. D., Cooper, M. J. 2002. Testing
the Cretaceous greenhouse hypothesis using glassy
foraminiferal calcite from the core of the Turonian
tropics on Demerara Rise. Geology 30, 607–610.
- Zachos, J.C,, Arthur, M.A., Thunell, R.C., Williams, D. F.,
Tappa, E.T. 1985. Stable isotope and trace element
geochemistry of carbonate sediments across the
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at Deep Sea Drilling
Project Hole 577. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea
Drilling Project 86, 513-532.
- Zachos, J.C., Arthur, M.A., Dean, W.E. 1989. Geochemical
evidence for suppression of pelagic marine
productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.
Nature 337, 61-64.