Uluslararası Biyoçeşitlilik Hukuku ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Sosyal Adalet

Bu makale, başta Rawls olmak üzere muhtelif akademisyenlerin yorumladığı biçimde, sosyal adalet perspektifinden Uluslararası Biyoçeşitlilik Hukukunda kabul edilen “Ortak fakat Farklılaştırılmış Sorumluluklar” ilkesinin “Biyoçeşitlilik Koruması ve Sürdürülebilir Kullanımı” sorumluluğuna uygulanmasının adilliğini tartışmaktadır. İlgili kavramları tanımladıktan ve biyoçeşitlilik koruması ve sürdürülebilir kullanımında farklılaştırılmış sorumluluklar çerçevesinde geliştirilen uluslararası hukuku ve literatürü açıkladıktan sonra, ülkelerin çevresel sorumluluklarını ekonomik durumlarına göre farklılaştıran küresel yaklaşımın gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki şimdiki ve gelecek nesiller için sosyal adaleti sağlamakta yetersiz olabileceği savunulmaktadır. Bu argümanın, biyoçeşitliliğin korunması ve sürdürülebilir kullanımında eşitlikçi bir yaklaşım lehine değerlendirilmesi amacıyla benimsenen bütünsel yaklaşım, biyoçeşitliliğin korunması ile çevresel adaletin, uzun vadede ekonomik kaygıların, yolsuzluğun, sosyo-ekonomik eşitsizliklerin ve -bilhassa biyolojik kaynak zenginigelişmekle olan ülkelerdeki yerli grupların arasındaki sıkı bağları vurgulamaktadır. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde sosyo-ekonomik gelişimin biyoçeşitlilik korumasına tercih edilmesinin şimdiki ve gelecek nesillerin en az avantajlı topluluklarının taleplerini karşılamada yetersiz kaldığını ve dolayısıyla sosyal adaleti sağlamada yetersiz olduğunu savunan doğrulamalarımızın somutlaştırılması amacıyla bazı vakalar takdim edilmiştir.

INTERNATIONAL BIODIVERSITY LAW AND SOCIAL JUSTICE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

This paper discusses the fairness of applying the “Common but Differentiated Responsibilities” principle that is adapted in International Biodiversity Law to the “Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity” through the lens of social justice expounded by Rawls and other respective scholars. After defining the concepts that are used through the paper and subsequently analyzing the international law and related literature on the differentiated approach to conservation and sustainable use, it is argued that the global approach that distinguishes the responsibilities of the states with regard to their economic level is less likely to meet the demands of social justice both for current and future generations of developing countries. The holistic approach, which is adopted for the evaluation of this argument in favor of an egalitarian approach to conservation and sustainable use, indicates the close linkages between the conservation of biodiversity and environmental justice issues, economic concerns in the long term, socio-economic inequalities, and traditional communities- especially in biological resourcerich developing countries. Certain cases are introduced in order to solidify that the prioritization of socio-economic development over biodiversity conservation in developing economies is not effective in addressing the demands of the least advantaged communities of current and future generations- and therefore less likely to comply with the demands of social justice.

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