Arap Baharı Sonrası Tunus ve Mısır’daki Siyasal ve Anayasal Gelişmeler

Arap coğrafyasındaki halklar, Arap Baharına kadar uzun yıllar, otoriter yönetimler altında demokratik taleplerine cevap bulamamışlardır. 2010 yılında başlayan halk hareketlerinin tüm coğrafyaya yayılması ve başta Tunus, Mısır ve Libya’da liderlerin düşürülmesiyle yeni bir çağın açılacağının sinyalleri alınmıştır. Ancak bölge halkının demokrasi rejimi konusundaki tecrübesizliği; İslami uyanışın, bu coğrafya üzerinde hedefleri olan ülkeleri düşündürmesi; doğal kaynakların ve stratejik öneme sahip bölgelerin, yeni kurulan otoritelerce batılı devletlerin istemediği şekilde kullanılması olasılığı ve İsrail’in bölgedeki güvenliği gibi sebepler ile demokratikleşme hareketleri akamete uğratılmıştır. Tunus’ta uzun uğraşlar sonucu, toplumsal bir uzlaşı ile batılı liberal demokrasileri aratmayacak bir anayasa yapılarak, siyasal ve anayasal reformlar kararlı bir şekilde yürütülmeye çalışılmıştır. Mısır’da ise 2012 yılında yapılan anayasa ile demokratikleşme ve hak ve hürriyetler yolunda ciddi bir ilerleme kaydedilmiş, ancak 2013 darbesi ile bu süreç kesintiye uğramıştır. Postallı demokrasiye geçilen 2014 Anayasası’nda, 2012 Anayasası’nın getirdiği birçok iyileşme korunsa da seçimlerde toplumun belli bir kesiminin dışlanması ve mecliste etkin bir muhalefetin olmaması anayasal gelişmelerin kâğıt üzerinde kalmasına sebep olmaktadır.

POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TUNISIA AND EGYPT IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE ARAB SPRING

People of the Arab World, who had to leadtheir lives under authoritarian governments forremarkably long years until the Arab Spring,failed to obtain any concrete response to theirdemocratic demands and quests. The civilcommotions commencing in the year 2010spread over the whole Arab territories and ledto overthrowing of the leaders in Tunisia, Egyptand Libya, which hallmarked the signals of anew approaching era. The given democratisationmovements have proved to be unsuccessfulowing to the facts that the people of the ArabWorld lacked experience in the regime ofdemocracy, and that the countries with particulargoals on the said territory were irritated by theIslamic awakening, and that the new authoritiestaking over the governments might make use ofthe natural resources and strategic regions againstthe interests of the western states and that Israel’ssecurity in the region might be jeopardised.As a result of protracted endeavours in Tunisia,such a constitution that bears nothing less thanthose of western liberal democracies has beendrafted and adopted through public reconciliation,and afterwards, political and constitutionalreforms have been carried out decisively. Asfor Egypt, the constitution drafted in 2012 wasa significant stride towards democratisationand acquisition of rights and freedom, whichnevertheless was suspended by the coup in 2013.Even though many improvements brought aboutby the Constitution of 2012 have been preservedin the Constitution of 2014 which embodies themartial democracy, the way of its adoption wasnot inclusive of whole public and the Parliamentis deprived of effective opposition, because ofwhich the constitutional developments remainsolely on the paper.

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