SÜLEYMAN AYPAK, CENGİZ GÖKBULUT, HÜSEYİN VOYVODA, MEHMET GÜLTEKİN, Emrah ŞİMŞEK, ASUDE GÜLÇE GÜLER

Influence of the route of administration on therapeutic efficacy of ivermectin in Saanen and damascus goats naturally infected with Trichostrongylidae spp.

Bu çalışmada, Trichostrongylidea spp. ile doğal enfekte Saanen keçisinde subkutan, oral ve dökme (pour-on) ivermektin uygulanmasının terapötik etkinliğini karşılaştırılması ve benzer gastrointestinal nematodlarla enfekte Halep keçisinde pour-on ivermektin uygulamasının etkinliğini değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kırk beş Saanen keçisi tedavi öncesi (0. gün) tartılıp, dışkı örnekleri alınmış ve 3 gün öncesi dışkı yumurta sayıları (FEC) temel alınarak 4 tedavi grubuna ayrılmıştır (her grupta n=9). Daha sonra keçilere bir kez 0.2 mg/kg ivermektin subkutan veya oral yolla ve 0.5 mg/kg ya da 1.0 mg/kg topikal olarak uygulanmıştır. Dokuz Saanen keçisi ilaçsız kontrol olarak bırakılmıştır. İki gruba ayrılan 15 Halep keçisinden birinci gruba (n = 9) 0.5 mg/kg tek doz ivermektin pour-on uygulanırken, ikinci grup (n = 6) ilaçsız kontrol olarak tutulmuştur. Etkinlik, tedavi sonrası 14. günde yumurta atılımında azalma ve dışkı kültürü sonuçları baz alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Saneen keçilerinde subkutan veya oral ivermektin uygulaması eşdeğer tam (%100) terapötik etkinlik sağlarken, 0.5 mg/kg ve 1.0 mg/kg, pour-on ivermektin uygulaması tedavi öncesi dışkı yumurta sayılarını sırasıyla %96.5 ve %99.9 azaltmıştır. Tedavi sonrası FEC açısından 1.0 mg/kg ivermektin pour-on uygulanan grupla, subkutan ve oral ivermektin uygulanan gruplar arasında önemli bir farklılık bulunmazken, 0.5 mg/kg pour-on ivermektin uygulamasının etkinliği, diğer 3 tedavi grubunun her birinden düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Halep keçilerinde ise 0.5 mg/kg tek doz ivermektin pour-on uygulamasının etkinliği sadece %30.7 olarak saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

ilaç tedavisi, ilaç salınım sistemleri, dozaj etkileri, hastalık kontrolü, Damaskus (keçi ırkı), hayvan parazit nematodları, Trichostrongylidae, keçi, derialtı enjeksiyon, Saanen, ağızdan ilaç verilişi, iplik solucanı larvaları, iplik solucanı enfeksiyonları, ivermektin

Trichostrongylidae spp. ile doğal enfekte Saanen ve Damascus (Halep) keçilerinde ivermektinin terapötik etkinliği üzerine uygulama yolunun etkisi

The aims of this study were to compare the therapeutic efficacy of ivermectin after subcutaneous, per os and pour-on administration in Saanen goats naturally infected with Trichostrongylidea spp. and to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin pour-on in Damascus goats with similar gastrointestinal nematodes. After body weighing and faecal sample collection on day 0 (pre-treatment day), 45 Saanen goats were weighed, faecal sampled and allocated on the basis of day -3 faecal egg counts (FEC) to four treatment groups (n=9 in each group). Saanen goats were then treated with a single dose of ivermectin at a dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg by subcutaneous injection or oral administration and 0.5 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg by topical application. Nine Saanen goats were kept as non-medicated control. Fifteen Damascus goats were divided two groups. The first group (n=9) received ivermectin pour-on as a single dose of 0.5 mg/kg and the second group (n=6) served as a non-medicated control. The efficacy was measured on the basis of the reduction of the egg output and the evaluation of the results from larval differentiation on 14 days post-treatment. In Saneen goats, ivermectin provided equally excellent (100%) therapeutic efficacy after subcutaneous or oral administration whereas ivermectin pour-on treatment at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg reduced pretreatment FEC by 96.5% and 99.9%, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between 1.0 mg/kg of ivermectin by topical application and the ivermectin subcutaneous and oral treated groups for post treatment FEC whereas the efficacy of ivermectin pour-on at 0.5 mg/kg was significantly lower than that for each of the other 3 treatment groups. In Damascus goat, the therapeutic efficacy of 0.5 mg/kg ivermectin pour-on was recorded as only 30.7%.

Keywords:

drug therapy, drug delivery systems, dosage effects, disease control, Damascus (goat breed), animal parasitic nematodes, Trichostrongylidae, goats, subcutaneous injection, Saanen, oral administration, nematode larvae, nematode infections, ivermectin,

PDF

___

1. Hoste H, Sotiraki S, Torres-Acosta JFJ: Control of endoparasitic nematode infections in goats. Vet Clin Food Anim, 27, 163-173, 2011.
2. Boch J, Supperer R: Nematoden. In, Boch J, Supperer R (Hrgb): Veterinaermedizinische Parasitologie. 3. Auflage. 147-201, Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg, 1983.
3. Pawel GR, Niznikowski E, Strzelec D, Popielarczyk A, Gajewska H: Prevalence of protozoan and helminth internal parasite infections in goat and sheep flocks in Poland. Arch Tierz Dummerstorf, 47, 43-49, 2004.
4. Lespinea A, Chartierb C, Hostec H, Alvineriea M: Endectocides in goats: Pharmacology, efficacy and use conditions in the context of anthelmintics resistance. Small Rumınant Res, 103, 10-17, 2012.
5. Doğanay A, Öge S: Türkiye’de koyun ve keçilerde görülen helmintler. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 3, 97-114, 1997.
6. Şenlik B, Diker Aİ, Sönmez G, Akyol V: Güney Marmara bölgesindeki kıl keçilerinde nematod türlerinin yayılışı. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 25, 170-173, 2001.
7. Umur Ş, Yukarı BA: Seasonal activity of gastroıntestinal nematodes in goats in Burdur region, Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 29, 441-448, 2005.
8. Chartier C, Soubirac F, Pors I, Silvestre A, Hubert J, Couquet C, Cabaret J: Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in gastro-intestinal nematodes of dairy goats under extensive management conditions in southwestern France. J Helminthol, 75, 325-330, 2001.
9. Paraud C, Pors I, Rehby L, Chartier C: Absence of ivermectin resistance in a survey on dairy goat nematodes in France. Parasitol Res, 106, 1475-1479, 2010.
10. Silvestre A, Leignel V, Berrag B, Gasnier N, Humbert JF, Chartiere C, Cabaret J: Sheep and goat nematode resistance to anthelmintics: pro and cons among breeding management factors. Vet Res, 33, 465-480, 2002.
11. Swan GE, Gross SJ: Efficacy of ivermectin against induced gastrointestinal nematode infections in goats. Vet Rec, 117, 147-149, 1985.
12. McKenna PB, Watson TG: The comparative efficacy of four broad spectrum anthelmintics against some experimentally induced trichostrongylid infections in sheep and goats. N Z Vet J, 35, 192-195, 1987.
13. Waruiru RM, Kogi JK, Weda EH, Ngotho JW: Multiple anthelmintic resistance on a goat farm in Kenya. Vet Parasitol, 75, 191-197, 1998.
14. Chartier C, Pors I: Efficacy of four broad spectrum anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Vet Rec, 134, 523-524, 1994.
15. Escudero E, Carceles CM, Diaz MS, Sutra JF, Galtier P, Alvinerie M: Pharmacokinetics of moxidectin and doramectin in goats. Res Vet Sci, 67, 177-181, 1999.
16. Gokbulut C, Karademir U, Boyacioglu M: Comparison of plasma pharmacokinetic profile of ivermectin following administration of subcutaneous injection (Baymec) and oral tablet (Efektin) in goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 30, 489-491, 2007.
17. Pearson AB, Rutherford DM: Ivermectin injection less effective in goats than oral treatment. Surveillance, 15, 22, 1988.
18. McKenna PB: Update on Anthelmintics in Goats. Publication Veterinary Continuing Education, Massey University, pp. 93-96, 1991.
19. Hoyt PG, French DD, Miller JE, Williams JC, Hackett GE, Kearney MT, Hoyt MJ: Evaluation of ivermectin against experimental infections of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in goats. Vet Parasitol, 42, 257-263, 1992.
20. Rahman WA: Role of ivermectin and its formulations in the control of trichostrongylid nematodes on small holder goat farms of Malaysia. Small Rumin Res, 25, 83-87, 1997.
21. Hooke FG, Clement P, Dell’Osa D, Porter RM, MacColl D, Rew RS: Therapeutic and protective efficacy of doramectin injectable against gastro- intestinal nematodes in cattle in New Zealand: a comparison with moxidectin and ivermectin pour-on formulations. Vet Parasitol, 72, 43-51, 1997.
22. Islam IM, Mostofa M, Rofiq K: Efficacy of ivermectin (pour on formulation) against gastrointestinal nematodiasis in cattle of Bangladesh. Indian J Pharmacol, 31, 234-236, 1999.
23. Ballweber LR, Smith LL, Stuedemann JA, Yazwinski TA, Skogerboe TL: The effectiveness of a single treatment with doramectin or ivermectin in the control of gastrointestinalnematodes in grazing yearling stocker cattle. Vet Parasitol, 72, 53-68, 1997.
24. MAFF: Manual of Veterinary Parasitological Laboratory Techniques Reference Book Vol. 418. 3th ed., pp. 159, Ministry of Agriculture, HMSO, London, 1986.
25. Sangster NC: Pharmacology of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomes: Will it occur with the avermectin/milbemycins? Vet Parasitol, 85, 189‐201, 1999.
26. Soulsby EJL: Textbook of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Volume 1. 797-805, Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, 1965.
27. Stoye M: Parasitologische Laboruntersuchungen in der Praxis. Prakt Tierarzt, 65, 132-136, 1984.
28. Thienpont D, Rochette F, Vanparijs OFL: Diagnosing Helminthiasis by Coprological Examination. 2th ed., p. 187, Janssen Research Foundaton, Belgium, 1986.
29. Van Wyk JA, Cabaret J, Michael LM: Morphological identification of nematode larvae of small ruminants and cattle simplified. Vet Parasitol, 119, 277-306, 2004.
30. Şenlik B: Teşhis Yöntemleri. In, Tınar R (Ed): Helmintoloji. s. 463-535, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara, 2006.
31. Alvinerie M: Comparative pharmacokinetic properties of moxidectin and ivermectin in different animal species. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 20, 74, 1997.
32. Borgsteede FH: The efficacy and persistent anthelmintic effect of ivermectin in sheep. Vet Parasitol, 50, 117-124, 1993.
33. Gokbulut C, Bilgili A, Hanedan B, Aksit D, Aksoy AM, Turgut C: Sex-related plasma disposition of ivermectin following pouron administration in goats. Vet Parasitol, 162, 342-345, 2009.
34. Gokbulut C, Cirak VY, Senlik B, Aksit D, McKellar QA: The effects of different ages and dosages on the plasma disposition and hair concentration profile of ivermectin following pour-on administration in goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 34, 70-75, 2011.
35. McKellar QA, Gokbulut C: Pharmacokinetic features of the antiparasitic macrocyclic lactones. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 13, 888-911, 2012.
36. Gokbulut C, Bilgili A, Hanedan B, Aksit D, Aksoy AM, Turgut C: Breed-related plasma disposition of ivermectin following subcutaneous administration in Kilis and Damascus goats. Res Vet Sci, 87, 445-448, 2009.
37. Coles GC, Bauer C, Borgsteede FH, Geerts S, Klei TR, Taylor MA, Waller PJ: World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. Vet Parasitol, 44, 35‐44, 1992.